APPENDIX 2. The measurements (in mm) of studied leopard skulls in regard to regions/countries and sexes. The first column contains the codes of measurements from Table 1. Abbreviations: M – male, F – female, Min. – minimum, Max. – maximum, SD – standard deviation.
Caucasus, Turkmenistan, Israel and Afghanistan
Code / Sex / North Caucasus(n = 4) / South Caucasus
(n = 3) / Turkmenistan
(n = 4) / Israel
(n = 8) / Afghanistan
(n = 1)
Min. / Max. / SD / Min. / Max. / SD / Min. / Max. / SD / Min. / Max. / SD / Min. / Max. / SD
GRE / M / 230.0 / 233.0 / 2.1 / 233.5 / 256.0 / 11.6 / 193.3 / 193.3 / 203.9 / 251.9 / 26.5
F / 207.1 / 218.0 / 7.7 / 195.0 / 222.0 / 14.2 / 171.9 / 179.9 / 3.5 / 212.8 / 212.8
CON / M / 211.9 / 211.9 / 206.1 / 215.7 / 6.8 / 177.1 / 177.1 / 187.2 / 227.9 / 22.1
F / 186.2 / 186.2 / 177.7 / 205.7 / 14.6 / 158.3 / 166.2 / 3.4 / 192.6 / 192.6
BAS / M / 192.0 / 198.0 / 4.2 / 196.0 / 216.0 / 10.2 / 165.3 / 165.3 / 172.4 / 213.1 / 21.5
F / 173.5 / 174.0 / 0.4 / 164.2 / 195.5 / 16.3 / 141.6 / 150.8 / 3.8 / 179.6 / 179.6
UPT / M / 73.7 / 73.7 / 69.1 / 76.0 / 4.9 / 61.1 / 61.1 / 59.5 / 75.1 / 8.1
F / 66.6 / 66.6 / 62.0 / 71.0 / 4.7 / 49.2 / 55.6 / 2.7 / 68.0 / 68.0
P4 / M / 26.2 / 26.2 / 23.1 / 24.4 / 0.9 / 23.1 / 23.1 / 20.0 / 23.5 / 1.8
F / 23.4 / 23.4 / 22.4 / 26.4 / 2.1 / 16.4 / 19.7 / 1.4 / 21.5 / 21.5
SKU / M / 76.2 / 76.2 / 76.7 / 77.0 / 0.2 / 69.0 / 69.0 / 68.2 / 78.3 / 5.2
F / 71.1 / 71.1 / 68.4 / 71.5 / 1.6 / 53.8 / 62.6 / 3.2 / 67.4 / 67.4
OPI / M / 96.0 / 96.0 / 92.2 / 106.0 / 9.8 / 98.0 / 98.0 / 58.0 / 79.9 / 11.0
F / 93.7 / 93.7 / 98.6 / 108.2 / 5.0 / 50.9 / 57.1 / 2.9 / 63.7 / 63.7
OCC / M / 43.1 / 43.1 / 46.0 / 47.0 / 0.7 / 39.3 / 39.3 / 40.3 / 48.0 / 4.3
F / 42.2 / 42.2 / 40.0 / 43.0 / 1.7 / 35.3 / 37.2 / 0.8 / 38.8 / 38.8
ZYG / M / 148.6 / 151.0 / 1.7 / 149.0 / 172.0 / 13.1 / 126.2 / 126.2 / 129.0 / 147.7 / 10.4
F / 125.0 / 135.3 / 7.3 / 125.0 / 142.6 / 8.8 / 111.9 / 118.7 / 2.5 / 135.8 / 135.8
FRO / M / 78.0 / 78.0 / 71.7 / 78.0 / 4.5 / 64.2 / 64.2 / 64.9 / 68.1 / 2.3
F / 74.4 / 74.4 / 68.4 / 71.0 / 1.4 / 53.4 / 62.8 / 3.9 / 70.6 / 70.6
INT / M / 47.0 / 49.5 / 1.8 / 45.2 / 50.0 / 2.4 / 40.0 / 40.0 / 31.3 / 33.4 / 1.1
F / 41.0 / 43.3 / 1.6 / 38.0 / 43.0 / 2.5 / 28.3 / 34.6 / 2.9 / 39.8 / 39.8
PAL / M / 73.0 / 73.0 / 68.2 / 75.0 / 4.8 / 63.1 / 63.1 / 66.3 / 76.1 / 4.9
F / 67.8 / 67.8 / 61.1 / 70.0 / 4.6 / 58.3 / 63.3 / 2.1 / 66.6 / 66.6
ROS / M / 58.8 / 58.8 / 58.8 / 60.4 / 1.1 / 44.8 / 44.8 / 49.8 / 60.8 / 6.1
F / 51.1 / 51.1 / 46.0 / 56.8 / 5.6 / 41.4 / 43.7 / 1.0 / 53.0 / 53.0
ORB / M / 46.0 / 46.0 / 46.5 / 47.7 / 0.8 / 45.5 / 45.5 / 27.3 / 31.4 / 2.1
F / 49.3 / 49.3 / 43.3 / 47.5 / 2.1 / 26.1 / 27.0 / 0.3 / 43.3 / 43.3
INF / M / 65.5 / 65.5 / 64.6 / 66.2 / 1.1 / 54.0 / 54.0 / 55.8 / 70.2 / 7.8
F / 60.0 / 60.0 / 53.1 / 63.3 / 5.1 / 48.5 / 52.5 / 1.9 / 58.6 / 58.6
SUT / M / 51.5 / 51.5 / 48.0 / 50.0 / 1.4 / 47.9 / 47.9 / 48.0 / 62.1 / 7.8
F / 45.5 / 45.5 / 40.0 / 50.6 / 5.4 / 37.0 / 51.0 / 6.2 / 50.1 / 50.1
BRE / M / 98.0 / 98.0 / 90.5 / 101.0 / 7.4 / 81.3 / 81.3 / 89.8 / 105.0 / 7.6
F / 84.4 / 84.4 / 84.0 / 96.4 / 6.8 / 65.4 / 76.5 / 4.3 / 104.0 / 104.0
OPN / M / 151.2 / 151.2 / 157.7 / 166.3 / 6.1 / 131.3 / 131.3 / 138.1 / 140.9 / 2.0
F / 138.8 / 138.8 / 132.0 / 145.0 / 7.0 / 119.9 / 124.8 / 2.0 / 146.5 / 146.5
OPB / M / 55.4 / 55.4 / 60.0 / 64.6 / 3.3 / 50.0 / 50.0 / 53.2 / 66.9 / 7.3
F / 55.3 / 55.3 / 50.2 / 56.0 / 2.9 / 43.2 / 48.8 / 2.2 / 48.4 / 48.4
LBU / M / 37.0 / 37.0 / 36.0 / 36.0 / 32.0 / 32.0 / 36.0 / 47.4 / 6.6
F / 33.7 / 33.7 / 30.2 / 37.4 / 3.8 / 29.0 / 34.6 / 2.3 / 27.6 / 27.6
HBU / M / 24.4 / 24.4 / 23.5 / 25.0 / 1.1 / 19.7 / 19.7 / 14.8 / 22.6 / 4.1
F / 22.0 / 22.0 / 17.3 / 20.6 / 1.7 / 14.1 / 19.3 / 2.4 / 18.4 / 18.4
BBU / M / 24.1 / 24.1 / 26.5 / 27.5 / 0.7 / 24.6 / 24.6 / 25.1 / 29.5 / 2.3
F / 22.2 / 22.2 / 23.0 / 25.1 / 1.1 / 22.2 / 26.3 / 1.7 / 28.9 / 28.9
Turkey, Sinai Peninsula, Arabian Peninsula and Iran
Code / Sex / Turkey(n = 1) / Sinai Peninsula
(n = 1) / Arabian Peninsula
(n = 2) / Iran
(n = 50)
Min. / Max. / SD / Min. / Max. / SD / Min. / Max. / SD / Min. / Max. / SD
GRE / M / 194.1 / 194.1 / 199.5 / 281.4 / 22.4
F / 208.2 / 208.2 / 194.9 / 194.9 / 164.9 / 164.9 / 190.4 / 219.5 / 8.3
CON / M / 176.9 / 176.9 / 185.7 / 249.9 / 18.1
F / 192.0 / 192.0 / 178.6 / 178.6 / 151.9 / 151.9 / 177.2 / 200.0 / 6.9
BAS / M / 169.2 / 169.2 / 166.5 / 236.4 / 18.7
F / 177.8 / 177.8 / 166.6 / 166.6 / 140.1 / 140.1 / 163.7 / 189.2 / 7.8
UPT / M / 62.8 / 62.8 / 63.6 / 91.3 / 6.2
F / 62.0 / 62.0 / 60.4 / 60.4 / 51.8 / 51.8 / 60.1 / 67.5 / 2.6
P4 / M / 23.8 / 23.8 / 20.5 / 28.5 / 1.7
F / 22.6 / 22.6 / 21.7 / 21.7 / 17.9 / 17.9 / 20.3 / 23.7 / 1.0
SKU / M / 63.9 / 63.9 / 60.7 / 89.5 / 6.8
F / 70.5 / 70.5 / 65.6 / 65.6 / 57.6 / 57.6 / 58.6 / 70.6 / 4.6
OPI / M / 68.6 / 68.6 / 68.8 / 115.0 / 9.8
F / 84.0 / 84.0 / 65.8 / 65.8 / 55.9 / 55.9 / 62.4 / 84.2 / 6.7
OCC / M / 36.0 / 36.0 / 40.0 / 55.3 / 3.4
F / 38.5 / 38.5 / 34.2 / 34.2 / 39.0 / 44.3 / 1.7
ZYG / M / 119.8 / 119.8 / 122.8 / 189.2 / 15.9
F / 131.8 / 131.8 / 126.1 / 126.1 / 105.6 / 105.6 / 126.1 / 146.7 / 6.6
FRO / M / 60.6 / 60.6 / 59.9 / 105.9 / 11.0
F / 66.9 / 66.9 / 64.2 / 64.2 / 49.5 / 49.5 / 56.8 / 78.8 / 6.6
INT / M / 39.7 / 39.7 / 37.7 / 58.2 / 5.4
F / 42.2 / 42.2 / 41.4 / 41.4 / 33.2 / 33.2 / 34.6 / 45.4 / 3.3
PAL / M / 62.2 / 62.2 / 70.1 / 100.5 / 6.7
F / 68.1 / 68.1 / 63.5 / 63.5 / 62.0 / 62.0 / 70.3 / 79.9 / 3.4
ROS / M / 46.3 / 46.3 / 50.2 / 73.6 / 5.8
F / 52.2 / 52.2 / 47.8 / 47.8 / 40.1 / 40.1 / 43.2 / 54.9 / 3.6
ORB / M / 44.0 / 44.0 / 41.6 / 58.7 / 3.6
F / 44.7 / 44.7 / 43.7 / 43.7 / 37.1 / 37.1 / 41.8 / 46.9 / 1.6
INF / M / 54.3 / 54.3 / 54.8 / 77.4 / 5.5
F / 58.8 / 58.8 / 54.7 / 54.7 / 47.7 / 47.7 / 53.0 / 62.5 / 2.7
SUT / M / 40.8 / 61.7 / 5.2
F / 49.0 / 49.0 / 49.2 / 49.2 / 37.0 / 37.0 / 39.2 / 49.1 / 3.1
BRE / M / 78.9 / 78.9 / 80.3 / 135.4 / 15.3
F / 86.4 / 86.4 / 58.1 / 58.1 / 71.3 / 95.6 / 7.6
OPN / M / 138.2 / 138.2 / 137.1 / 194.9 / 14.7
F / 143.8 / 143.8 / 130.4 / 130.4 / 113.5 / 113.5 / 124.6 / 149.0 / 6.9
OPB / M / 45.2 / 45.2 / 49.6 / 87.9 / 8.7
F / 51.2 / 51.2 / 49.1 / 49.1 / 45.7 / 45.7 / 47.4 / 58.7 / 3.4
LBU / M / 28.8 / 28.8 / 22.5 / 40.0 / 3.4
F / 30.4 / 30.4 / 26.8 / 26.8 / 25.6 / 25.6 / 25.4 / 30.2 / 1.4
HBU / M / 18.2 / 18.2 / 16.0 / 25.0 / 2.1
F / 17.7 / 17.7 / 18.0 / 18.0 / 16.4 / 16.4 / 14.2 / 18.7 / 1.5
BBU / M / 22.0 / 22.0 / 23.6 / 34.6 / 2.8
F / 23.5 / 23.5 / 18.1 / 18.1 / 26.6 / 32.1 / 1.8