California County Superintendents

K-8 California’s

Common Core Standards

Parent

Handbook

California County Superintendents

Educational Services Association

Financial Support Provided By

The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation

Prepared By:

Contributions by Patricia Duckhorn, Tamara Wilson, Fran Gibson, Kathy Curl, Sue Stickel, California State PTA and Ventura County Office of Education

Contents

Introduction...... 4

Mathematics

Mathematics – Standards for Mathematical Practice...... 6

Grade K Overview...... 8

Grade 1 Overview ...... 10

Grade 2 Overview...... 12

Grade 3 Overview...... 14

Grade 4 Overview...... 16

Grade 5 Overview...... 18

Grade 6 Overview...... 20

Grade 7 Overview...... 22

Grade 8 Algebra 1 Overview...... 25

Grade 8 Overview...... 28

English Language Arts

Grade K Overview...... 30

Grade 1 Overview ...... 32

Grade 2 Overview...... 33

Grade 3 Overview...... 34

Grade 4 Overview...... 35

Grade 5 Overview...... 36

Grade 6 Overview...... 37

Grade 7 Overview...... 38

Grade 8 Overview...... 39

Introduction

This handbook gives parents an introduction to California’s Common Core Standards and a summary of what students are expected to learn as they advance from kindergarten through grade 8. The standards are designed to reflect the knowledge and skills that our young people need for success in college and careers. A common set of learning goals helps teachers and parents ensure students are challenged and making appropriate progress.

Why Common Core Standards?

California educators have joined a national movement to adopt common standards and assessments for English language arts and mathematics. Currently, standards for what students should know and be able to do vary among states, as does the difficulty of the assessments used to determine whether students are meeting those standards. Common standards allow for collaboration among states on best practices and professional development.

Common learning goals provide a clear vision of what educators and parents in all states should aim for. These learning goals help ensure that students meet college and work expectations, are prepared to succeed in a global economy and society, and are provided with rigorous content and application of higher knowledge thinking. Benchmarked against international standards, the Common Core Standards assist students in their preparation to complete the requirements for enrollment at a California public university.

California’s Adoption of Common Core Standards

Adopted in California in August 2010, the K-12 Common Core State Standards were developed through a state-led effort to establish consistent and clear education standards for English language arts and mathematics. The initiative was launched by and supported by the Council of Chief State School Officers and the National Governors Association. In the Common Core Standard adoption process, California added supporting standards to complete the unique picture necessary for California students.

The Common Core also added strength to the existing California standards by including additional standards for vocabulary and new standards for collaborative discussions. Literacy standards that focus on reading and writing instruction during history/social studies, science, and technology also were included. In mathematics, standards were added to demonstrate a stronger emphasis on number sense and algebraic thinking. Implementation of the Common Core in California’s schools will occur in stages over the next few years.

Organization of Standards

This handbook organizes information about the standards for English language arts and mathematics for each grade level or subject course from kindergarten through 8th grade. Each grade level provides a content overview and a summary of skills developed at that level. Additional information about grades 9-12 will be provided at a later date.

In English language arts, California Common Core Standards are organized into the following four groups: (1) reading, (2) writing, (3) speaking and listening, and (4) language.

Besides outlining mathematics content standards by grade level or course, this handbook also includes a set of behaviors and practices every student should develop which is called The Standards for Mathematical Practice. These practices deepen understanding of mathematics and enhance students’ problem solving abilities. Information about these practices is found on the next page.

Mathematics | Standards for Mathematical Practice

The Standards for Mathematical Practice describe behaviors that all students will develop in the Common Core Standards. These practices rest on important “processes and proficiencies” including problem solving, reasoning and proof, communication, representation, and making connections. These practices will allow students to understand and apply mathematics with confidence.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Find meaning in problems
Analyze, predict and plan solution pathways
Verify answers
Ask themselves the question: “Does this make sense?”

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Make sense of quantities and their relationships in problems
Create coherent representations of problems

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Understand and use information to construct arguments
Make and explore the truth of conjectures
Justify conclusions and respond to arguments of others

Model with mathematics.

Apply mathematics to problems in everyday life
Identify quantities in a practical situation
Interpret results in the context of the situation and reflect on whether the results make sense

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Consider the available tools when solving problems
Are familiar with tools appropriate for their grade or course ( pencil and paper, concrete models, ruler, protractor, calculator, spreadsheet, computer programs, digital content located on a website, and other technological tools)

Be precise.

Communicate precisely to others
Use clear definitions, state the meaning of symbols and are careful about specifying units of measure and labeling axes
Calculate accurately and efficiently

Look for and make use of structure.

Discern patterns and structures
Can step back for an overview and shift perspective
See complicated things as single objects or as being composed of several objects

Look for and identify ways to create shortcuts when doing problems.

When calculations are repeated, look for general methods, patterns and shortcuts
Be able to evaluate whether an answer makes sense

Grade K Overview | Mathematics

Kindergarten students learn to count to 100 and write numbers to 20. Attention is given to numbers 11-20 where emphasis is placed on tens and ones building a foundation for place value understanding. Beginning addition and subtraction starts in kindergarten. Students sort and classify groups of objects and identify basic shapes.

Know number names and be able to count to 100

Write numbers 0 – 20

Learn about numbers 11-20, with tens and ones

Count objects to tell the number of things in a group up to 20

Compare numbers and groups

Understand that addition is putting together groups and adding to groups

Understand that subtraction is taking apart groups and taking from groups

Fluently add and subtract within 5

Understand concepts of time (morning, afternoon, evening, etc.)

Know about the tools that measure time (clock, calendar, etc.)

Sort objects into groups

Identify and describe shapes

Grade 1 Overview | Mathematics

First grade students extend their understanding of addition and subtraction by learning to use adding and subtracting to solve word problems within 20. They understand the meaning of the equal sign and are expected to count to 120. Place value knowledge is deepened and students use this knowledge to compare two-digit numbers within 100. Students practice their measurement skills with linear measurement and begin to organize data from surveys. Students also tell and write time in hours and half-hours using analog and digital clocks.

Solve addition and subtraction word problems within 20

Understand the relationship between addition and subtraction

Apply the properties of operations

Commutative property of addition:

If you know 8 + 3 = 11, then you know 3 + 8 = 11.

Associative property of addition:

To add 2 + 6 + 4, the second two numbers can be

added to make a ten, so 2 + 6 + 4 = 2 + 10 = 12.

Add and subtract within 20

Count to 120, starting at any number

Understand the meaning of the equal sign

Understand place value: ones, tens

Use place value to add and subtract within 100

Measure lengths and tell the measurement in units

Tell and write time

Relate time to events (before/after, shorter/longer, etc.)

Build and talk about a graph

Build, describe, extend, and explain a simple pattern.

Compare shapes by talking about sides, vertices, etc.

Compare two-dimensional shapes to three-dimensional shapes

Grade 2 Overview | Mathematics

Second grade students use addition and subtraction within 100 to solve word problems and are expected to know from memory all sums of two one-digit numbers by the end of second grade. Place value understanding is extended to 1000 and students compare three digit numbers based on their knowledge of hundreds, tens and ones. Second grade students compute with money and learn to estimate and compare lengths using appropriate measurement tools. Second graders refine their understanding of geometry by drawing shapes based on the number of faces and angles.

Solve addition and subtraction word problems within 100

Fluently add and subtract within 20

Know all sums of two one-digit numbers

Work with equal groups and repeated addition to understand multiplication

Work with equal groups and repeated subtraction to understand division

Understand place value: ones, tens, and hundreds

Use place value to add and subtract within 1000

Make reasonable estimates using place value knowledge

Measure, estimate, and compare lengths in standard units

Represent whole number lengths on a number line

Work with time and money

Know relationships of time (minutes in an hour, days in a month, etc.)

Solve word problems using combinations of dollar bills and coins

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Collect data, build a graph, and answer questions about the data presented

Recognize shapes, triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons, hexagons, and cubes

Draw shapes by size of the angles or by the number of equal faces

Grade 3 Overview | Mathematics

Third grade students develop an understanding of multiplication and division and learn to fluently multiply and divide within 100. Students are expected to know from memory all products of two one-digit numbers by the end of third grade. Place value understanding is used for multi-digit computation and estimation. Fractions are introduced in the third grade with an emphasis on understanding fractions as numbers and their relative size and placement on the number line. In third grade students understand concepts of area and perimeter and solve problems using liquid volume and mass.

Solve multiplication and division word problems

Understand the properties of multiplication

Commutative property of multiplication:

If you know 6 x 4 = 24, then you know 4 x 6 = 24.

Associative property of multiplication:

3 x 5 x 2 can be found by 3 x 5 = 15, then 15 x 2 = 30,

or by 5 x 2 = 10, then 3 x 10 = 30.

Distributive property of multiplication:

If 8 x 5 = 40

and 8 x 2 = 16,

then 8 x 7 is:

8 x (5 + 2)

(8 x 5) + (8 x 2)

40 + 16 = 56.

Fluently multiply and divide within 100

Know all products of two one-digit numbers

Solve word problems with addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division

Understand that multiplication and division are related

Use place value to round numbers and know the value of each digit in a four-digit number

Use place value understanding to solve multi-digit arithmetic

Estimate reasonable answers using place value knowledge

Understand fractions as numbers

Recognize simple equivalent fractions

Compare two fractions with the same numerator or the same denominator

Know that 25 cents is ¼ of a dollar, 50 cents is ½ of a dollar and 75 cents is ¾ of a dollar

Tell and write time to the nearest minute

Estimate and measure time, volume, and weight

Understand area and perimeter

Understand that shapes in different categories can also be in a larger category

Grade 4 Overview | Mathematics

Fourth graders use their knowledge of place value to generalize to 1,000,000 and learn to round multi-digit whole numbers to any place. They fluently add and subtract using the standard algorithm and multiply and divide with multi-digit numbers. Fourth graders extend understanding of fractions to include equivalence, ordering and simple decimal notation. Students measure angles and classify geometric shapes by lines (parallel, perpendicular, etc.) and angles (right, acute, obtuse, etc.).

Use addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division with whole numbers to solve word problems

Learn about factors and multiples

Factors of 24: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12
Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20

Make and describe patterns with objects and numbers

Understand and use place value to generalize to 1,000,000

Expanded form: 6783 = 6000 + 700 + 80 + 3

Compute with multi-digit numbers

Solve problems involving using multiplication of multi-digit by two-digit numbers

Divide multi-digit numbers by one-digit divisor

Round multi-digit numbers to any place

Build understanding of equivalent fractions and ordering fractions

Compare two fractions with different numerators and different denominators by making common denominators

Add and subtract fractions and mixed numbers with like denominators

Understand the decimal notation for fractions

Compare decimals

Solve problems using measurement conversions

Apply area and perimeter formulas for rectangles

Organize and explain data using a line plot

Understand and measure angles

Draw and identify lines and angles

Describe and sort shapes by their lines and angles

Recognize lines of symmetry

Grade 5 Overview | Mathematics

Fifth grade students finalize fluency with multi-digit addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They apply their understanding of fractions to the addition and subtraction of fractions with unlike denominators, the concept of fraction multiplication and division, and decimal addition and subtraction. They analyze numeric patterns and relationships and graph ordered pairs on a coordinate plane. Students build on their understanding of geometry by recognizing attributes of geometrical shapes and calculating inside angle measurement and area of triangles and parallelograms.

Write and interpret numerical expressions using parentheses, brackets, or braces

“Add 8 and 7, then multiply by 2” is 2(8 + 7)

Express a whole number (2 – 50) as a product of its prime factors

Describe more complex patterns by seeing the change

Understand the place value system from thousandths to millions

Fluently multiply multi-digit numbers using the standard algorithm

Divide multi-digit numbers by two-digit divisors

Read, write, and compare decimals to the thousandths

Round decimals to any place

Compute with multi-digit whole numbers and numbers with decimals to the hundredths

Add and subtract fractions with unlike denominators

Multiply fractions and mixed numbers

Divide unit fractions by whole numbers and whole numbers by unit fractions

Convert measurements and use in problem solving

0.05 m = 5 cm or 2.5 feet = 30 inches

Organize and explain data using a line plot

Understand and find the volume of rectangular prisms

Analyze number patterns

Graph points on a coordinate graph

Show a graph with an x and y axis with several points labeled by their coordinates

Sort two-dimensional shapes into categories based on their properties

Know what makes rectangles, parallelograms, and trapezoids different

Know the inside sum of the angles of a triangle (180 degrees) and a quadrilateral (360 degrees)

Be able to find the area of a triangle and parallelogram by knowing and understanding the formula for area of these shapes

Grade 6 Overview | Mathematics

Sixth grade students use their knowledge of multiplication and division to solve ratio and rate problems. They finalize their understanding of division of fractions and begin the study of negative integers. They understand the use of variables in mathematical expressions, write expressions and equations that correspond to situations, and use expressions and equations to solve problems. Students begin the study of probability and statistics and use their geometrical foundations to solve problems involving area, surface area, and volume.

Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems

Understand unit rate

Find a percent of a quantity

Divide fractions by fractions

Fluently compute with multi-digit numbers and multi-digit decimals

Find common factors and multiples of numbers

Find the greatest common factor and least common multiple of two whole numbers

Use understanding of positive numbers to understand rational numbers

Understand positive and negative integers and be able to locate on a four-quadrant coordinate plane

Order rational numbers

Understand absolute value

Add and subtract integers

Apply properties of operations to add and subtract rational numbers

Use understanding of arithmetic to solve one variable equations and inequalities

Write expressions and equations to describe real world situations using variables

Write and solve equations with whole number exponents

Write an inequality to describe a real world or mathematical problem

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Represent and explain relationships between dependent and independent variables

Solve real world problems involving area, surface area, and volume

Draw (freehand, with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes when given specific conditions

Know the formulas for area and circumference of a circle

Ask a statistical question (How old are the students in my school?), collect and organize the data on a line plot, graph, histogram, dot plot, box plot, etc.

Describe and summarize data by noticing the center, spread, and overall shape

Display numerical data on a number line including dot plots, histograms, and box plots

Grade 7 Overview | Mathematics

Seventh grade students deepen their understanding of proportional relationships to solve complicated problems. They extend their understanding of rational numbers to include computation (add, subtract, multiply, and divide). Irrational numbers are introduced in seventh grade. Algebraic foundations are practiced and extended. Students continue to extend their understanding of probability and statistics by describing populations based on sampling, and investigate chance to develop, use, and evaluate probability models.