INSECT PESTS OF STORED FOODS
Granary weevil
Комірнийдовгоносик
Calandra granaria L., Sitophilus granarius
Order Coleoptera, family Curculionidae
Appearance
Adult: 2.3 - 5.2 mm, is brown, almost black, shines the light; body narrow, long, elytra with the simple speckled with deep grooves, gaps between them of about the same width as the grooves; hind wings are underdeveloped.
Larvae: 3 mm, yellow-white, with brown head, legless.
Pupa: 3.7 - 4 mm yellow-brown.
Eggs: 0.6 - 0.8 mm, oval, white or yellowish, one end slightly expanded.
Life cycle
Pupal development lasts from 7 to 22 days. Beetles gnaw new generation in the shell grain round holes and go outside. The beetle lives of 200 - 250 days , destroying every day 0.08 - 0.67 mg grain. Development of a generation lasts 38 to 140 days.
Number of generations: The number of generations in Ukraine - two to four depending on the area
Damage:Adult and larva damage grains.The pest causes hollowing of whole previously undamaged grains. In severe infestations only the grain hull is left along with powdery white frass The large roughly rectangular exit holes with ragged edges are characteristic. Grains which float in water often indicate larval damage
The hosts range for the pest include: maize, barley, wheat, groundnut, oats, chickpea, sunflower, rice, millets, rye, sorghum, triticale, broad bean and a variety of dried stored products.
Natural enemies:. A significant role in reducing the number of flanges weevil play parasites Pteromalus tritici, Pteromalus calandre Now., Pteromalus oryzae Cam., Meraporus sp. (family Pteromalidae, orderHimenoptera).
ControlStoring grain and its products in a dry, well ventilated warehouse, keeping them free of debris, bulk grain in the aisles, and a thorough cleaning silos, humidity and gas (if necessary) Disinfection, lime whitewash space to sleep on grain storage. Cleaning grain to grain cleaner winter in freezing weather. Heating the grain to 50 - 60 ° C in grain dryers.
Rice weevil
Рисовийдовгоносик
Calandra (sitophilus) oryzae
Order Coleoptera, family Curculionidae
Appearance
Adult: 2.3 - 3.5 mm, is brown or black-brown, matt, elytra each with two indistinct red spots over the apex, elytra with coarse speckled, grooves, gaps are very narrow, the beetle has a rear wing, as well fly.
Larvae; 2.5 - 3 mm, yellow-white, legless.
Pupa: 3.7 - 5 mmyellow-white covered with delicate transparent skin.
Eggs: size 0.6 - 0.7 mm, oval or pear-shaped, grey-white.
Life cycle
Number of generations: In southern Ukraine, under favorable conditions, can give 7 - 8 generations per year.
Damage:Adults and larvae cause the same type of damage as S. granarium damage rice, wheat, rye, barley, corn, flour, bread, bran, biscuits, bread, pasta, dried apples, tobacco.
Confused flour beetle
Хрущакмалийборошняний
Tribolium confusum
Order Coleoptera, familyTenebrionidae
Appearance
Adult:3.1 - 3.6 mmredish-brown color; antennae short rear corners; Wings well developed, but the bugs do not fly; the male abdomen rounded end of the hairs in the female nude. Beetle has an unpleasant carbolic smell that is stored in the damaged products.
Larvae:6 - 7 mm long, from light-yellow to yellow-brown; flat head, the whole body in short hairs caudal segment narrowed to the top and ends with two spines.
Puupa: 3.5 mmlight-yellow, naked, shiny, with two hills at the end of the abdomen .
Eggs: 0.6 - 0.7 mm, oval, white, almost transparent; covered with sticky fluid sticks to the flour and other products, making it invisible.
Life cycle
Beetles overwinter in the heated wirehouses. Females lay eggs for food bags in the cracks of the walls of warehouses. One female for its hroughout (one to three years ) may lay 1000 eggs. Embryonic development lasts from 4 to 22 days. Full development of the larvae completed within 20 - 120 days depending on temperature, humidity and availability of food. Pupal development lasts from 5 to 28 days. At a relative humidity of 70 - 75% and a temperature of 27°C the length of a generation is 37 - 40°C at 22 - 93 days.
Number of generations: Under favorable conditions developed four generations per year.
Damage:Beetles damage grain, flour, meal, bran, semolina, at least - buckwheat, rice, sunflower seeds, dried fruit.
Saw-toothed Grain Beetle
Суринамськийборошноїд
Oryzaephilus surinamensis
Order Coleoptera, familyCucujidae
Appearance
Adult: The saw-toothed grain beetleis a slender dark brown beetle 2.4-3 mm in length, with a flattened body, and six saw-toothed projections on each side of the prothorax. Theabdomentapers towards the tip anditrarely flies. Its antennae are long andmoniliform(“bead-like").
Larvae: about 0.8 mm when newly hatched and 3 – 4 mm when fully developed. It is elongate yellowish-white with a brownhead, has numeroussetae(hairs) and three pairs of legs.
Pupa:2.5 - 3.4 mm, yellowish, with a flattened body.
Eggs: white to yellow-ochre,capsule-shaped and about 0.7 mm long.
Life cycle
The female lays eggs between 45 to 275 eggs singly or in small batches in the food stuff or grain kernels . The eggs hatch in 3-5 days.Larvaeare free-living and usually pass through four instars. They are unable to feed on undamaged grains. The developmental period from eggs to adult takes from 20-80 days dependimg on temperature and the adults usually live up to 10 months. Adults normally disperse by walking, but can fly at dawn and dusk in warm conditions. Long distance dispersal takes place in contaminated foodstuffs.
Number of generations:During the year in the southern parts is up to 5 generations in heated buildings - 7.
Damage: Adult andlarvaattacks cereals, cereal-based products, but also copra, spices, nuts, dried fruit. Seeds and grains: feeding; visible mold, contamination with feces and dead bodies.
ControlDetection methods: The saw-toothed grain beetle can be detected by visual inspection. A grain probe has been developed which provides a convenient method to monitor this pest in bulk grain stores.Cultural practices: The severity of asaw-toothed grain beetleinfestation can be reduced by good store hygiene which includes cleaning the store between harvests, immersing grain sacks in boiling water and fumigating the store to eliminate residual infestations, ensuring that all spillages are removed, all cracks and crevices in the store are filled and the selection of only uninfested material for storage. Infestations of this species may also be limited by the storage of good quality grains such as whole cereals with fewer broken grains.Physical control: The removal of adults andlarvaefrom the grain by sieving can reduce populations but this is very labour-intensive. The addition of inert dusts such as ash and clay to the grain can reduce insect numbers by causing the insects to die from desiccation.Biologicalcontrol: Biological control has not been practiced againstOryzaephilusspecies apart from in controlled field trials.
Tenebrioid flour beetle
Мавританськакузька
Tenebrioides mauritanicus L.
Order Coleoptera, familyOstomatidae
Appearance
Adult:7 - 11 mm, brown, almost black, shining above and reddish or yellow bottom, with a very flat body; head broad, with thick black asymmetrical maxilla;
Larvae: 18 - 20 mm, durty-white color, hairs; head flat, oblong, is brown in color
Pupa: 7.0 - 10.5 mm long, cream-colored, at the end of the abdomen broad statement.
Eggs: 1.0 - 1.5 mm, oblong, fusiform, molochnobile.
Life cycle
Hibernate beetle or larva or in the cracks of wooden buildings in bags and other shelters. It pupates in spring (April - May). Pupal development lasts 20 - 30 days. Beetles - predators , feeding on plant products in rare cases.Females lay eggs in groups of 10 - 60 batches in the superficial layer of flour, cereal grains cracks in holes. Oviposition may take 6 - 9 months. During this time, each female lays 900 - 1300 eggs. Embryonic development lasts 8 - 10 days. The larvae feed on flour, cereal grain endosperm flour or semi- damaging bread. The larvae molt 4 - 6 times. Developmental period for larva at optimal conditions of temperature and humidity, feeding of wheat and maize lasts 60 - 90 days, in feeding on rice - 170 - 190 days, flour - 250 - 300 days. After the last molt the larva pupate in poparial chambers. If beetles overwinter, the egg-laying occurs in early spring. The beetles emerge in July, a few days mate and the females lay eggs. By autumn the larvae can rech mature stage and pupate. In 10 - 20 days beetles emerge stay for the winter.
Number of generations: 2
Damage:The beetles are predators. The larvae also kill insects in storage at the same time causing considerable damage to grain and grain products (wheat, barley, corn, oats, cotton seeds), dried fruits and vegetables. Prefer flour. Damaged flour darkens, has unpleasant odor and becomes unsutable for use.
Drugstore beetle
Хлібнийточильник
Stegobium paniceum L.
Order Coleoptera, familyAnobiidae
Appearance
Adult: small reddish brown beetles. Both beetles have their heads pointing downward and backward to the point that the head is not always visible. They are both about (2-3 mm) long and brown. The drugstore beetle is similar to the cigarette beetle in appearance but is slightly larger, more elongate, and has distinctly grooved wing covers. The last three segments of the antennae are like a saw.
Larvae:5 mm, curved sickle with advanced breast segment, sclerotized head; at the end of the abdomen on each side of one teeth.
Pupa: 2.5 - 4 mmyellow-white, perednospynka covers his head on top, just like a beetle.
Eggs:Egg size 0.3 - 0.4 mm, oval, milky-white.
Life cycle
The adult beetle lays eggs on the food. When the larva hatches, it eats and grows. The larva stage lasts for several months. The full-grown larva spins a silken cocoon. Inside the cocoon, it takes more than two weeks for the larva to change to an adult. In a warm climate, the beetles can produce as many as four generations per year.
Number of generations: During the year develops, usually 2 - 4 generations.
Damage: beetles have a very wide host range and feed on many kinds of dried plant and animal material, including spices, flour, cereals, dog and cat food, tobacco, leather, wool, meal, seeds, and dried fruits. In addition, they will check through non-food material such as paper and fabric to get to a food source. Signs of drugstore beetle are the adults seen buzzing around or resting on surfaces, holes in packaging where the beetles have emerged and debris deposited next to infested items as the larvae feed
Control It starts fromremoval of the infested food. A thorough clean up, using a vacuum cleaner to get into the cracks and crevices, will control this pest. Seal any remaining dried foods in airtight bags or containers. Infested food can be heat for 1 hour to kill these beetles. Foods that are susceptible to infestation can be stored in the freezer.
Tropical Warehouse Moth, Mediterranean flour moth, Dried currant moth,Almond moth, Fig moth (English)
Млиновавогнівка
Ephestia (Cadra) cautella, Anagasta kuehniella
Order Lepidoptera,familyPyralidae
Appearance
Adult: The adult forewings are grayish-brown with scattered darker patches. The wing span is 11-20 mm and both fore- and hind-wings have broadly rounded tips and short fringes of hairs.
Larvae: Thelarvaerange from 1.5-15 mm in length and are light brown with dark brown spots with a sparse covering of hair.
Pupa: Pupae are dark-brown and found within a relatively light pupal case.
Eggs: The eggs are translucent yellow with a sculptured surface.
Life cycle
The females lay their slightly sticky eggs on the stored food. Up to 300 eggs are laid in the first 3-4 days of their short (8-9 day) lives. At 30°C the eggs hatch in approximately 3 days. There are normally five larval instars and larval development, under optimum conditions (32.5°C and 70% relative humidity) is completed in about 22 days. In heavy infestations the maturelarvaeleave the produce to pupate on surfaces such as walls of the store or in spaces between bags. Before pupation, the last instarlarvabuilds a cocoon. The pupal stage is completed in about 7 days. Adult emergence from the cocoon usually occurs during the late afternoon. Under optimum conditions, development from egg to adult takes 29-31 days.
Number of generations: 2-6
The impact of ecological factors. The tropical warehouse moth feeds on a range of stored foods, notably cereals and cereal products.Thelarvaefeed externally on maize grains but also cause damage to stored products through contamination with the silk webbing it produces and faecal pellets, cast skins and egg shells.
Damage: Larval stage The tropical warehouse mothis a major pest of a range of stored foods, especially cereals (maize, rice, wheat, sorghum, millet, oats) flours and other cereal products, dried cassava, groundnuts, cocoa beans, dried mango, dates, nutmeg, mace, cowpeas and other dried stored products. External feeding and trails of silk webbing that contaminates stored products.
Natural enemies:Venturia canenses Grav. (family Ichneumonidae) and Habrobracon hebetor Say. (family Braconidae) are parasitoids.
ControlThe tropical warehouse moth can be detected by visual inspection. Sticky traps baited with a sexpheromonecan be used to monitor adults.Cultural practices: The severity of a tropical warehouse moth infestation can be reduced by good store hygiene which includes cleaning the store between harvests, immersing grain sacks in boiling water and fumigating the store to eliminate residual infestations, ensuring that all spillages are removed, all cracks and crevices in the store are filled and the selection of only uninfested material for storage. Infestations of this species may also be limited by the storage of good quality grains such as whole cereals with fewer broken grains.Biological pest control includes the mass release of the parasiteHabrobracon.Controlled atmosphere: Where suitable infrastructure exists, low oxygen and carbon dioxide-enriched atmospheres can be used to control stored product pests.Freezing and Heating: Where the infrastructure exists, freezing for several days and heating for 24 hours have proved to be effective control methods for stored product pests.Chemical control:Fumigation of grain stocks with phosphine will control existing infestations but will not protect against re-infestation. Store misting or fogging at times of peak flight activity may be used to control the adult population.
Meal moth
Борошнянавогнівка
Pyralis farinalis
Order Lepidoptera, family Pyralidae
Appearance
Adult: They are cream coloured with a brown head, and grow to a length of about 2 cm. The adult moths have brown wings with arcs of white lines. On the forewings, these separate darker patches at the tip and base. The eyes have a green sheen. The moth typically rests with the tip of its abdomen turned up. The wingspan is about 2 cms.
Larvae: 20 - 25 mm long, whitish with brown headcaupsul capsule and prothoracic segment.Larvae do not haveblack spots on their bodies.
Pupa: 9 - 12 mm long; abdominal segments brown, coarse speckled, dotted with holes.
Eggs:0.6 mm, oval, whitish
Life cycle
The duration of the pupa stage - 5 - 30 days.Caterpillars overwinter older ages in the food substrate or pupae in cocoons. Flying of butterfly occurs from April to early October. Adults are active at night, daytime dwell in dark places on the walls, ceilings, container, fences, stumps of trees. The female lays within 8 - 14 days 120 - 250 eggs by placing them in small piles on items that can be food supply for larvae, or on the packaging. Duration of embryonic development - 3 - 10 days. Caterpillars live in groups of spider tubes on the surface of the nutrient substrate. They feed on flour, grain, bran, animal feed. The entire development cycle , depending on environmental conditions and feeding caterpillars takes 50 - 250 days.
Number of generations: 3
Damage: The caterpillars of this moth are a cosmopolitan pest on stored grain
Control As for Ephestia (Cadra) cautella
Indian meal moth, mealworm moth
Південнакомірнавогнівка
Plodia interpunctella
Order Lepidoptera, familyPyralidae
Appearance
Adult: Adults are 5–10mm in length with a wingspan of 16–20mm. The outer half of their forewings is bronze, copper, or dark grey in colour, while the upper half are yellowish-grey, with a dark band at the junction between the two.
Larvae: The younglarvaeare white with a brownheadwith olderlarvaeusually yellowish-white with green or pink tinges depending on diet. Thelarvaehave five pairs of prolegs. Thelarvaegrow to about 12 mm in length at maturity. Thelarvaepupate in a silk cocoon or unprotected.
Pupa:Pupa - 6 - 9 mm, yellow, abdomen smooth.
Eggs:The eggs are about 0.5 mm in diameter and are laid singly or in clusters. The egg surface is sculptured unlike the eggs of Coleoptera stored product pests.
Life cycle
The entire life cycle of this species may take between 30-300 days. Optimum conditions are 30-35° C and 25% relative humidity. Female moths lay between 60 and 400 sticky eggs on food surfaces. The eggs hatch in 2 to 14 days. Thelarvae, which are external feeders (i.e. they do not burrow into the grain) begin to feed within a few hours of hatching and trail a silken thread which binds food, faecal pellets and cast skins together. The larval stage lasts from 2 to 41 weeks during which there are 5-7 instars. They pupate in a thin cocoon from which they emerge after 7 days under optimal conditions. Adults do not feed and are generally short-lived (around 7 days). The adult moths fly at dusk and during the night.