1. Mexican leader ______opposed the Congressional treaty which would add Texas to the US, and warred with US president ______over the PacificTerritories:
  2. Santa Anna; James Polkb. Santa Anna; John Fremont

c. Santa Anna; John Tyler d. Santa Anna; Zachery Taylor

  1. In January _____, the major gold rush to California began:
  2. 1835b. 1849c. 1850d. 1862
  1. The federal government encouraged growth in the west in many ways, including the Morrill Land-Grant, which allowed for the:
  2. creation of agricultural colleges in the west
  3. inexpensive farmland in the west
  4. railroads to be built in the west
  5. reduced cost of new housing in the west
  1. The Homestead Act allowed for settlement in the west, as long as certain conditions were met, including _____:
  2. no fences or houses were to be built on the land
  3. the land was farmed for five consecutive years
  4. the owner lived on the land at one week each month
  5. the owner was a minimum of 25 years old
  1. One problem with moving west was the land was already occupied by Native Americans, including the Plains Indians, who lived in the grasslands between the:
  2. Appalachian Mts. and the Rocky Mts.
  3. Mississippi River and the Rocky Mts.
  4. Missouri River and the Rocky Mts.
  5. Ohio River and the Appalachian Mts.
  1. In order to slow the Plains natives, the US government:
  2. dammed rivers and polluted the waters
  3. slaughtered the buffalo and killed off the horses
  4. set fire to the farming fields in order to starve the natives
  5. destroyed their mountain homes while searching for gold
  1. Natives were moved onto more undesirable lands as they were conquered, land known as ______:
  2. boom townsb. encampments

c. frontiersd. reservations

  1. Approx. ______acres of land was purchased from ______in ______to complete the Louisiana Purchase:
  2. 500,000, Spain, 1803b. 500,000,000, Spain, 1900

c. 530,000,000, France, 1803d. 600,000,000, France, 1819

  1. Purchasing the Louisiana territory would enable the US to control the city of ______, while maintaining free access to the ______River.
  2. Mobile, Mississippib. New Orleans, Mississippi

c. New Orleans, Missourid. New Orleans, Rio Grande

  1. The French decision to sell off the Louisiana territories resulted from:
  2. a desire to fund expedition ships through the Mediterranean
  3. a desire to pay off old debts to Great Britain
  4. a desire to purchase lands in Asia
  5. a desire to wage war across Europe
  1. Territorial disputes between the US and Spain (and later Mexico), over Texas, focused on the ______region of Texas:
  2. Austinb. Carrazoc. Houstond. Tejas
  1. In order to live in Mexico, American settlers had to conform to many laws, except:
  2. become Mexican citizens
  3. convert to Roman-Catholicism
  4. have a high moral standard
  5. join the Mexican military
  1. At the Alamo, Texian revolutionaries held out for ____ days against overwhelming odds, which later led to a rallying cry for Gen. ______to win independence:
  2. 10, Houston
  3. 13, Austin
  4. 13, Houston
  5. 21, Austin
  1. The US entered into a war with Mexico in early 1846, and with victory and the treaty of ______, the US acquired lands such as ______:
  2. Adams Onis, FL and MAb. Adams Onis, NM and UT

c. Guadalupe Hidalgo, CA and TXd. Guadalupe Hidalgo, MS and DE

  1. Settlersmoved across the newly acquired western lands for:
  2. gold and overpopulationb. high taxes and new opportunities
  1. farming and diseased. all of the above reasons
  1. Manifest Destiny refers to:
  2. an economic policy of agriculture and mechanical arts
  3. the purchase of the Louisiana territory from Napoleon
  4. the right of Americans to dominate the North American continent
  5. the will of slave holders to maintain trade in the South
  1. On the cultural subject of the Earth, Native Americans believed that ______, while Europeans believed that ______:
  2. earth was to provide food and shelter; the earth was to provide monetary wealth
  3. the earth was to be exploited for gold; the earth was a religious sanctuary
  4. both believed that the earth was a motherly figure, sacred and to be cared for
  5. both believed the earth provided for us, and that we should take as we needed
  1. On the cultural subject of possessions, Native Americans believed that ______, while Europeans believed that ______:
  2. possessions existed for the greater good; possessions were to be shared
  3. possessions had great monetary value; possessions were tradable items
  4. possessions were private; possessions were to be shared
  5. possessions were to be shared; possessions were private
  1. Slang terms for Native Americans included:
  2. animals and redmenb. Indians and swine
  3. savages and barbariansd. all of the above
  1. Duties of the pioneer women could have included:
  2. chimney and home repairs
  3. cooking meals and cleaning
  4. hunting
  5. all of the above were duties of pioneer women
  1. Supplies that pioneers took west included all of the following except:
  2. dried applesb. farm equipmentc. riflesdd. electric stoves
  1. Oxen were the animal of choice to pull wagons west, mainly due to the fact that:
  2. donkey’s were too expensive
  3. horses were considered pets
  4. they were stronger and sturdier than horses
  5. trains routes missed too many cities along the way
  1. The introduction of the ______allowed Plaines Indians to hunt and travel more easily:
  2. buffalob. horsec. oxend. train
  1. Manifest Destiny allowed for the completion of the continent by permission of:
  2. the Presidentb. Godc. Governorsd. Native Americans
  1. The Pacific Railways Act stated that:
  2. railroads could receive additional free lands for building tracks out west
  3. railroads could be exempted from certain taxes if they built out west
  4. conductors would receive bonus pay for taking travelers west
  5. railroads would need to adjust their time schedules to accommodate daylight savings
  1. “Nooning” for pioneers was:
  2. specialized mining for silver or gold
  3. large scale farming in the Midwest
  4. mid-day breaks along the trail
  5. a term used for the dirt/grass homes built by poor pioneers
  1. Early pioneer town life included which of the following activities:
  2. excessive drinkingb. gambling

c. church servicesd. town life included all of the above

  1. The government of the US felt that if the natives were to be converted to European ways of life:
  2. the tribes should be put into jails until they chose to conform
  3. the natives chiefs should be sent to schools so that they could teach their tribes
  4. the religious leaders of each tribe should be removed, along with their influences
  5. the children of each tribe should be converted, for they were the next leaders
  1. Most US businesses felt that natives:
  2. had wasted the economic opportunities that the land had provided and should forfeit it
  3. were a good source of customers because they could now buy things they previously had no access to
  4. could provide them with economic plans for growth based on trade
  5. would make excellent employees because they were willing to work for low wages
  1. River crossings proved to be difficult for many pioneers, mainly due to:
  2. outrageous prices charged to cross shallow areas, or deep areas by boat
  3. drowning, especially in fast currents
  4. overcrowding on boats
  5. all of the above
  1. Dung:
  2. provided the pioneers with an abundant source of fire fuel
  3. was used by pioneer children as a play-toy
  4. replaced wood as the main source of fire fuel and heat
  5. all of the above
  1. Petroglyphs, or pictographs:
  2. were pioneer accounts of their travels west
  3. native historical stories, drawn on rocks
  4. verbal narratives, passed on from one generation to the next
  5. food supplies taken by pioneers traveling west
  1. The Trail of Tears displaced the ______to reservations in Oklahoma.
  2. Cherokee
  3. Apache
  4. Chickasaw
  5. Iroquois

34. Why did many new immigrants head west?
a.For the chance to learn a new language.
b.To enjoy the great climate/weather of the Plains.
c.To get a free education in a land-grant college.
d.Because cheap land and new jobs were available.

35. What did the Morrill-Land Grant Act and the Homestead Act have in common?
a.They both provided Government land to the citizens.
b.They both required Native Americans onto reservations.
c.They both discriminated against African American families.
d.They both enabled railroad companies to develop land near their tracks.

36. Which statement best describes the lifestyle of homesteaders?
a.Homesteaders purposely avoided all social contact.
b.Most women worked in factories away from their homestead.
c.Homesteaders lived very safe and secure lives.
d.Homesteaders often had to struggle even for the necessities.

37. After agreeing to reservation life, the Cheyenne at Sand Creek and WashitaRiver:

a. were put into European-style schools and educated

b. were enslaved and forced to work on the plantations of the South

c. were massacred in two separate attacks by the US Army

d. were allowed to live peacefully and in accordance with their traditional lives

38. In order to make the tribes of the Plains dependent on US government rations:

a. the Army rounded up and killed the Native tribal leaders

b. the government agreed to allow them to live on reservations peacefully

c. the hunters of the west wiped out the buffalo herds of the West

d. Plains’ horses were taken away and sold to European buyers

39. At the Alamo:

a. Texans fought against the Mexican armyb. The Sumash Indians were murdered

c. Napoleon agreed to sell the Louisiana landsd. Gold was discovered in 1849

40. Why did many new immigrants head west?
a.For the chance to learn a new language.
b.To make friends with the Natives of the Plains.
c.To fight for independence from England.
d.Because cheap land and new jobs were available.

41. What did the Morrill-Land Grant Act and the Homestead Act have in common?
a.They both provided Government land to the citizens.
b.They both required Native Americans onto reservations.
c.They both discriminated against African American families.
d.They both enabled railroad companies to develop land near their tracks.

42. Which statement best describes the lifestyle of homesteaders?
a.Homesteaders purposely avoided all social contact.
b.Most women worked in factories away from their homestead.
c.Homesteaders lived very safe and secure lives.
d.Homesteaders often had to struggle even for the necessities.

43. Many agreements between Native Americans and the federal government fell apart because
a.Native Americans and settlers had different ideas about land ownership.
b.Native Americans wanted to work as sharecroppers.
c.Most settlers were against sending Native Americans to reservations.

d. Natives lied and cheated to the settlers about the land and its wealth

44. Why were Native Americans forced onto reservations throughout the U.S.?
a.So that U.S. ranchers could control the buffalo meat market.

b. To keep the Native Americans from interfering with America’s “Manifest Destiny”.
c.Native American’s were taking jobs away from poor white southerners.
d.Native Americans actually wanted the land so they could farm it.

Be it enacted . . . That any person who is the head of a family, or who has arrived at the age of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United States . . . shall . . . after the first of January, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, be entitled to enter one quarter section . . . of unappropriated public lands.

45. From which of the following documents was the passage taken?

a. The Interstate Commerce Act.

b. The Pacific Railway Act.

c. The Homestead Act.

d. The Dawes Act.

Buffalo Dusk

The buffaloes are gone.

And those who saw the buffaloes are gone.

Those who saw the buffaloes by thousands and how they pawed the prairie sod into dust with their great hoofs,

their great heads down pawing on in a great pageant of dusk,

Those who saw the buffaloes are gone.

And the buffaloes are gone.

Carl Sandburg (1920)

46. To whom is the poem referring when it says “Those who saw the buffaloes are gone.”
a.Buffaloes. b.Exodusters.
c.Native Americans.d.White Settlers.

47. When Sandburg wrote this poem, why were the buffaloes gone?
a.They were hunted in great numbers by the Native Americans.
b.The herds were infected by a deadly, contagious disease.
c.They were hunted by whites to not interfere with the railroads and homesteads.

d.They weren’t gone, this was just a wish of the poet.

Westward Migration – Numbers of People Moving West
Year / Estimate / Year / Estimate / Year / Estimate
1841 / 100 / 1847 / 2,000 / 1853 / 20,000
1842 / 200 / 1848 / 4,000 / 1854 / 10,000
1843 / 1,000 / 1849 / 30,000 / 1855 / 5,000
1844 / 2,000 / 1850 / 55,000 / 1856 / 5,000
1845 / 5,000 / 1851 / 10,000 / 1857 / 5,000
1846 / 1,000 / 1852 / 50,000 / 1858 / 10,000

48. In what two-year period did the greatest number of people migrate to the West?
a.1848-1849b.1849-1850
c.1850-1851d.1851-1852

49. What historical event might have caused this migration boom?
a.Cholera epidemic throughout the US.b.Potato famine in Ireland.
c.Discovery of gold in California.d.Native American wars in the Plains

May 9 . . . We passed a new made grave today . . . a man from Ohio. We also met a man that was going back he had buried his Wife this morning. She died from the effects of measles we have come ten miles today . . . .

June 15 . . . Traveled about three miles today and encamped on the account of four sick ones . . . .

June 23 . . . Sickness and death in the states is hard but it is nothing to be compared with it on the plains . . . .

Lydia Allen Rudd, 1852

50. Measles killed many pioneers. What other disease most frequently caused death on the trail?
a.Influenza (“the flu”).b.Chicken Pox.
c.Gunshot Wounds.d.Cholera.

51. Why might Lydia be concerned and regularly note the distance traveled in her journal?
a.They will not make it over the Rocky and SierraMountains before winter arrives.
b.So she can let her family know when she will be home for dinner.
c.Because she has to rotate her wagon wheels every thirty days so the ride will be smoother.
d.Her family plans on recording it for future reference.

52. What does Lydia mean by her June 23rd entry?
a.Getting sick while traveling is better than being stuck at home with nothing to do.
b.Being ill as a pioneer in US territory is worse, no hospitals, doctors or medicine
c.The west is better for one’s health.
d.The west has cleaner air for better breathing.

53. The sketch is titled, Go West. Imagine it is the 1870s and we can hear the pioneer/settler speaking to the Native American. Which statement below is most likely what he would have said to the Native American?
a.Look, what a beautiful sunrise!
b.We will homestead and settle this land; you must go elsewhere.
c.Quick, there is a herd of buffalo for you to hunt.
d.Is that the way to St. Louis?

Western Expansion affected various groups of people in different ways. Write the name of a group from the list below in the box that matches the appropriate quote.

SettlersMinersAfrican-Americans

American IndiansRailroad WorkersRailroad OwnersCowboys

Quote / Group
54. My work is difficult and dangerous. Sometimes I work in dismal or horrible conditions. Few of us have struck it rich.
55. In the West we can find a variety of opportunities that we may not be able to have access to in the South. Some of our younger men even become cowboys! Owning our land and farming it allows us to succeed or fail on our own terms.
56. I was very excited when the government gave land and loans to companies like the one my partners and I own. We then sell this land to settlers at a profit! And farmers pay us very high rates to ship their crops to market.
57. Settlers are pushing us off our land, and we see our buffalo killed by them. Sometimes U.S. soldiers attack us. Many of us have died from disease and poverty.

58. SHORT ANSWER: Choose one of the following and answer using complete sentences.

A. Describe three ways in which the American government tried to deal with the Native American “problem” as the country expanded westward. Be sure to include an example and explanation for each method.

B. Describe (not just a list) three different hardships or difficulties that the pioneers faced on their trek west.
C. Describe several ways the U.S. government encouraged/promoted the purchase and the settling of the west throughout the 19th century. Do not list; give an example of how we acquired western lands and explain that method.