Bscs-Cp Midterm Review 2004-2005
Remember all notes from September until now are online on Ms. Barna’s teacher page and in ebackpack.
BSCS-CP MIDTERM REVIEW 2015-16
CH 1 – Ecology, Characteristics of Life, & Scientific Method
CH 2 - Chemistry
CH 7 & 10 - The Cell, Diffusion, Osmosis, Active/Passive Transport, Mitosis
CH 8 - Photosynthesis
Remember this is only a guide. You should be able to answer the following.
1. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
A food web consists of many food chains. A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food. eg: A hawk eats a snake, which has eaten a frog, which has eaten a grasshopper, which has eaten grass. A food web shows the many different paths plants and animals are connected.
2. What are producers? Consumers – herbivores, carnivores, omnivores? Decomposers?
Producers are plants that make their own food.
Consumers are organisms that eat other organisms for energy.
Herbivores are animals that eat only plants.
Carnivores are organisms that eat only animals.
Omnivores are organisms that eat both plants and animals.
Decomposers are organisms that get energy by feeding on dead materials and waste.
Scavengers are animals that feed on dead or injured animals.
3. What is a hypothesis?
A possible answer to a scientific question must be testable to be valid.
4. What is the difference between the control and variable of an experiment? Variable is the one thing that is being investigated, everything else must be standardized to be ‘controlled.’
5. What is another word for a “living thing”? organism
6. What is homeostasis? The dynamic balance that organisms and ecosystems must stay in in order to be alive.
7. Define Ecosystem. The living community(organisms) and abiotic(non living)
8. How is energy stored in organisms (what form)? Chemical
9. What type of organism converts light energy into chemical energy? producers
10. What is the ultimate source of energy for the biosphere? The sun
11. What is the difference b/w matter and energy? The difference between matter and energy is that energy is produced from matter, yet has no mass, and has the capacity to do work… matter is the physical "stuff" in the universe. Matter needs energy to move.
12. What are the 10 life processes? Not on exam
The ten life processes are organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, reproduction, growth, anabolic, differentiation, digestion, and excretion. ..
Organization: Several biological systems that work together to maintain life.
Metabolism: All the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
Responsiveness: the detection of changes in the internal and external environment and the reaction to those changes.
Movement: There are many types of movement within the body.
Reproduction: two parent organisms, male and female, have sex and the female produces offspring.
Growth: organisms increase in size as they get older.
Anabolic: A process that must occur at much faster rate than catabolic processes.
Differentiation: An unspecialized cell change into specialized cells with distinctive structural characteristics, allowing cells to develop into tissue and organs.
Respiration: the exchange of gases.
Digestion: the break down of foods that can be broken down and absorbed into the blood stream as energy and used by the body.
Excretion: the elimination of waste and sweat.
13. Differentiate b/w atomic number and atomic mass.
The Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom.
The mass number is found by taking the sum of all of the protons and neutrons in an atom and adding them together.
14. What is the range of the pH scale? What ions indicates an acid? A base? See October notes page 6 for drawing.
· pH scale is 0-14
· 7 is neutral (over 7 is a base, under 7 is an acid)
· The higher the pH value the less acidic it is
· h+ ions are acids, OH- are bases
· neutrals: h+ + OH- = neutral
15. Explain what it means for a water molecule to be polar. Draw a diagram.
Water is a "polar" molecule, meaning that there is an uneven distribution of electron density. Water has a partial negative charge near the oxygen atom due the unshared pairs of electrons, and partial positive charges near the hydrogen atoms. See diagram below from October Notes:
16. What is a proton? A neutron? An electron? Draw a diagram. What are their charges?
A proton is a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign. A neutron is a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen. An electron is a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.
17. Write the complete chemical reaction for photosynthesis.
Sunlight energy
6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
18. Write the complete chemical reaction for cellular respiration.
Not on exam
19. What is needed in the beginning for cellular respiration to occur?
Not on exam
20. What important molecule is made with the energy from respiration? How many are made using one glucose molecule? ATP, 36 made from one glucose molecule
21. What process and what organism convert inorganic compounds into organic ones?
***Process: Photosynthesis
organisms- photosynthetic organisms (producers)
22. What is the most immediate source of energy for cells? ATP
23. 60% of energy released from glucose is lost as what? Lost and released as heat
24. Name the polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. Cellulose
25. What does it mean to be a polymer?
Polymer- made up of repeating sub….units may or may not be identical
26. Polymers are formed by what reaction? What is removed?
Polymerization-process by which polymers are turned into monomers
**Dehydration synthesis- same as polymerization but just different name
-water is removed
27. What are the building blocks of carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids?
Building blacks: carbs- saccharides, polysaccharides; lipids- fatty acids; proteins- amino acids; nucleic acids- nucleotides
28. Give examples of carbs, lipids, and proteins.
Carbs: bread, wheat, waffles, cereal, muffins, Lipids: saturated fats, butter, lard, bacon fat, Proteins: meat, protein, enzymes
29. Explain how fats are formed.
Polymerization or dehydration synthesis
30. Differentiate b/w saturated and unsaturated fats.
Saturated fats- full of hydrogen, solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fats- double bonds could fit more in- liquid at room temperature
31. Name the functional groups of carbs, lipids, and proteins.
Carbohydrates serve many purposes, from energy to structure to chemical communication, as monomers or polymers. Lipids, which are hydrophobic, also have different purposes, including energy storage, structure, and signaling. Proteins, made of amino acids in up to four structural levels, are involved in just about every process of life.
32. Define enzyme. What is their role in cell function?
An enzyme is a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.
33. What are the elements that make up carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids?
Carbs: HCO
Lipids: CH and NO
Proteins: HOC, N
Nucleic acids: PHNOC
34. How do RNA and DNA differ?
RNA is single stranded: MRNA, TRNA, RRNA
DNA double stranded stuck in the nucleolus
RNA has a ribose sugar instead of a deoxyribose sugar like DNA. RNA nucleotides have a uracil base instead of thymine.
35. Who is responsible for the discovery of the structure and form of nucleic acids?
James Watson and Frances Crick
36. What are DNA’s nitrogenous bases? RNA’s?
DNA: CGAT
RNA: CGAU takes place
37. What is the functional group of an amino acid? ignore
38. How are enzymes affected? heat and temperature or pH
39. How do enzymes help us? They are catalysts. They metabolize materials, take things apart or put things together
Enzymes are proteins that allow certain chemical reactions to take place much quicker than the reactions would occur on their own. Enzymes function as catalysts, which means that they speed up the rate at which metabolic processes and reactions occur in living organisms. Usually, the processes or reactions are part of a cycle or pathway, with separate reactions at each step. Each step of a pathway or cycle usually requires a specific enzyme. Without the specific enzyme to catalyze a reaction, the cycle or pathway cannot be completed. The result of an uncompleted cycle or pathway is the lack of a product of that cycle or pathway. And, without a needed product, a function cannot be performed, which negatively affects the organism.
40. What is the bond in proteins? Peptide bond, bond between a carbon and nitrogen
41. State the cell theory.
1-Cells are the basic unit for structure of living things
2- All cells come from pre-existing cells
42. What cell organelle provides energy? Mitochondria
43. Differentiate b/w prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
(pro sounds like no) Prokaryotes- have no nucleus but have DNA
Eukaryotes- have a nucleolus
44. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells. What do they have in common? What is unique to each?
Everything in common except:
Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplast, a large vacuole and no centrioles
45. List the cell organelles and state their function.
mitochondria: produces energy through cellular respiration
rough endoplasmic reticulum: transport and storage
ribosomes: create proteins smooth
endoplasmic reticulum: creates lipids or fat
chloroplast: creates glucose
golgi apparatus: synthesis, packages and releases concentrate proteins or lipids
golgi body: protein or lipid enters the cytoplasm
cytoplasm: where all chemicals take place
glycoprotein: short sugar chains attached to proteins
glyco lipids: lipids attached to proteins
cisternae: flattened stacked membrane folds
liposome: small membrane bounded transport vesicles
peroxisome: microbodies found in animal cells
glyoxysome: microbodies found in plant cells
centrioles: for cellular division and cellular reproduction
cytoskeleton: supports structure and helps move synthesized proteins lysosomes: contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion
cilia: hair like structures
contractile vacuole: pump water out of cell
red blood cells: carries oxygen, glucose
vesicle: moves protein, lipid and carbohydrate
nuclear envelope: surrounds the nucleus
vacuole: contains food or water
cell membrane: separates cell contents from the environment microtubules: provide internal support
nucleus: information center of the cell
nucleolus: site of ribosome synthesis
chromatin: threadlike mass of DNA
46. In what direction should a slide be moved in order to keep a moving specimen in view?
Not on exam
47. How does a microscope change the orientation of the object being viewed?
The object is upside down and backwards in orientation. (inverted and rotated)
48. How many micrometer are in a millimeter? 1,000
49. What is mitosis and why do our cells do it?
Mitosis is a fundamental process for life. During mitosis, a cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells. Because this process is so critical, the steps of mitosis are carefully controlled by a number of genes. When mitosis is not regulated correctly, health problems such as cancer can result.
50. What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
(P-M-A-T)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
51. What are the organelles that divide during the first stage?
All of them with the exception of the centrioles and the nucleolus (G1 phase)
52. When do the chromosomes actually divide during the life cycle of a cell?
They replicate during the S phase
53. What is a chromatid?
Duplicate (copy) of a particular chromosome.
A chromatid possesses two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.
54. At the end of mitosis, how many chromosomes does each daughter cell end up with?
In each cycle of cell division, the cell first makes a copy of all the DNA in each of the chromosomes, and then undergoes a type of cell division called mitosis which carefully separates the two copies of each chromosome to the two separate daughter cells, so each daughter cell ends up with a complete set of 46 chromosomes.
55. Define diffusion. The movement of stuff from high to low concentration
56. Does a cell need energy for diffusion? No (passive transport)
57. What is osmosis? Diffusion of water
58. What is the energy molecule of the cell? ATP
59. What is active transport? Passive transport?
Active transport- requires energy
Passive transport- no energy, like diffusion
Passive transport involves carriers, channels, or direct diffusion through a membrane. This type of transport always operates from regions of greater concentration to regions of lesser concentration. In active transport it is possible to go against the concentration gradient.
60. Explain why it is advantageous for a cell to be small? To be efficient
61. Remember your diffusion/osmosis labs and your microscope labs.
Dialysis tubing lab and agar cubes lab
62. What is asexual reproduction?
Reproduction with one organism required
63. What is sexual reproduction?
Reproduction with two parents
64. Who is Robert Hooke? What did he do for science?
He gave us the word cells
65. Who is Anthony van Leeuwenhoek? What did he do for science? Simple microscope….
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723) was a Dutch tradesman and scientist, best known for his work on the development and improvement of the microscope and also for his subsequent contribution towards the study of microbiology.
66. What cell structure could not be seen until the electron microscope was invented? Ribosomes
A typical animal cell is 10–20 μm in diameter, which is about one-fifth the size of the smallest particle visible to the naked eye. It was not until good light microscopes became available in the early part of the nineteenth century that all plant and animal tissues were discovered to be aggregates of individual cells. This discovery, proposed as the cell doctrine by Schleiden and Schwann in 1838, marks the formal birth of cell biology.
76. Where can the energy in foods be traced back to? The sun