Name: ____Key______Date: ______Period: ___

Biology Spring Semester Final Review Guide 2015

**This is due, completed, on block day. It is worth 55 points.**

Helpful Information:

1.  Test is about 75 multiple choice questions. Be ready with pencil on the day of the test.

2.  Topics that will be covered: History of Life (chapter 12), The theory of evolution (chapter 13), Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (chapter 5), Populations (chapter 15), Ecosystems (chapter 16), Biologic Communities (chapter 17), Classification (Chapter 14), Kingdoms (chapter 19), Viruses and Bacteria (chapter 20), Protists (chapter 21), Fungi (chapter 22), Plants (chapters 22, 23, 25, 26), Animals (chapter 27)

3.  Study ALL lab book pages and review ALL handouts/labs!

4.  You will be allowed to have one index card for use on your final exam. It must be no larger than a 4”x6” index card. It can have writing on both sides. Information on the card must be hand written and cannot be typed. It will be collected at the end of the exam.

5.  Recommended vocabulary is below. You DO NOT need to define all vocabulary words as part of this assignment.

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Name: ____Key______Date: ______Period: ___

Scientific Method

Qualitative

Quantitative

Inference

Observation

Hypothesis

Prediction

Biology

Metabolism

Homeostasis

Heredity

Mutation

History of Life

adaptation

arthropod

extinction

fossil

gradualism

half-life

mass extinction

microsphere

natural selection

population

punctual equilibrium

radio isotope

radiometric dating

reproductive isolation

vertebrate

Evolution

archaebacteria

continental drift

cyanobacteria

divergence

endosymbiosis

eubacteria

homologous structure

mutualism

mycorrhizae

paleontologist

protist

speciation

subspecies

vestigial structure

Photo and CR

Anaerobic respiration

Cellular respiration

Fermentation

Glycolysis

Lactic acid fermentation

ATP

ADP

Krebs cycle

Aerobic respiration

Election transport

Mitochondria

Biochemical pathway

Carotenoid

Chlorophyll

Light reaction

Photosynthesis

Pigment

Stroma

Populations, Ecosystems and Communities

Ecology

Community

Habitat

Ecosystem

Population

Producer

Consumer

Trophic level

Food chain

Food web

Herbivores

Carnivores

Omnivores

Decomposer

Primary productivity

Biomass

Evaporation

Transpiration

Ground water

Respiration

Combustion

Erosion

Fossil fuel

Nitrogen fixation

Classification

Binomial nomenclature

Genus

Family

Order

Class

Phylum

Kingdom

Domain

Kingdoms

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Protest

Hypha

Invertebrate

Vertebrate

Viruses and Bacteria

Virus

Pathogen

Capsid

Envelope

Glycoprotein

Bacteriophage

Lytic

Lysogenic

Bacillus

Coccus

Spirillum

Capsule

Antibiotic

Conjugation

Protists

Algae

Flagellates

Molds

Sporozoans

Fungi

Hyphae

Mycelium

Zygomycetes

Ascomycetes

Basidiomycetes

Septa

Lichen

Plants

Stoma

Guard cell

Seed

Embryo

Flower

Phloem

Xylem

Root

Monocot

Dicot

Pollination

Cotyledon

Sepal

Stamen

Anther

Pistil

Ovary

Filament

Stigma

Style

Animals

Asymmetrical

Radial symmetry

Bilateral symmetry

Dorsal

Ventral

Anterior

posterior

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Name: ____Key______Date: ______Period: ___

  1. What is the definition of the Theory of Evolution?
  2. The theory that all living things descended from a common ancestor.
  1. The finches Darwin studied differed in the shape of their beaks. What did Darwin infer from this observation?
  2. They adapted to fit their environment, they came from a common ancestor.
  1. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, which individuals tend to survive?
  2. The organisms with traits that are better suited to the environment will survive.
  1. What is Lamark’s theory of evolution?
  2. Traits are passed on based on use and disuse. Ex. Muscle men
  1. If fruit fly wings were clipped short what would their offspring look like according to Lamark?
  2. Offspring would have short wings
  1. Why are modern day insecticides and antibacterial products no longer working? (hint think about the lab we did)
  2. Insects and bacteria are becoming resistant to the modern day products
  1. Natural resources on Earth are limited, therefore what must organisms do to survive?
  2. Compete for resources
  1. What are the 4 tenets of natural selection? Why is each one necessary?
  2. Genetic Variation: Variety of traits exist. These variations are called alleles. Example: blue eyes, brown eyes.
  3. Overproduction of offspring: Organisms produce more offspring than can survive
  4. Struggle for existence (Survival of the fittest): Organisms compete over resources to survive and reproduce. Organisms best suit for environment survive to pass on genes.
  5. Differential survival & reproduction: over time, traits of successful reproducers become more common
  6. What are homologous structures?
  7. Structures that look similar but have different functions (ex. Human arm and bat wing)
  1. What are vestigial structures?
  2. Structures that were once used by an ancestor but are no longer needed in modern organisms. Ex. Leg bones in dolphins and tailbones in humans
  1. What do similar genetic sequences between different species suggest?
  2. That they had a common ancestor
  1. What is an embryological comparison?
  2. young embryos look similar
  1. What is acclimation?
  2. Over the course of one life time, organisms change to suit their environment.
  3. What is adaptation?
  4. Over generations populations change to suit their environment.
  1. What is the difference between acclimation and adaptation?
  2. Adaptation develops over thousands of years.
  1. What is divergence in relation to evolution?
  2. When a population becomes separated by the environment and becomes 2 new populations with differing genetics.

In the above diagram what are the pictures of shells called?

fossils

In the above diagram, which organisms are the simplest? Which are the most complex?

Simple- A and 1

Complex- D and 4

In the above diagram, which layer is the oldest? Which is the youngest?

Oldest- A and 1

Youngest- D and 4

  1. What is a cladogram?
  2. Diagram showing the shared anatomical features of organisms

  1. What information can you learn from a cladogram?
  2. What characteristics organisms have in common.

Based on the cladogram, what do the Snapping Turtle and Monkey have in common?

Amnion, paired legs, paired appendages

Based on the cladogram, which organisms have mammary glands?

Kangaroo, monkey, and human

  1. What is the process where plants capture sun energy and make complex molecules?
  2. Photosynthesis
  1. Why is chlorophyll green?
  2. It absorbs all colors of light except green. Green is reflected
  1. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
  2. 6CO2 + 6H20 + light energy à C6H12O6 + 6O2
  1. What is the equation for cellular respiration?
  2. C6H12O6 + 6O2 à 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
  1. Where does photosynthesis occur?
  2. Chloroplast
  1. Where does cellular respiration occur?
  2. Mitochondria

A B C

Which graph(s) would represent the effect of temperature on photosynthesis?

Graph C

Which graph(s) would represent the effect of sunlight on photosynthesis?

Graph A or B

Which graph(s) would represent the effect of carbon dioxide on photosynthesis?

Graph A or B

  1. What products of photosynthesis are used in cellular respiration?
  2. Oxygen and Glucose
  1. Which organisms perform cellular respiration?
  2. All plants and animals
  1. In order for aerobic respiration to happen what molecule must be present?
  2. Oxygen
  1. Which geochemical cycle is the following diagram representing? Hydrologic (water) cycle

In the above diagram Label the process for each Q, R, S and T.

Q- Precipitation

R- Runoff

S- Evaporation

T- Condensation

  1. Which process is the following diagram representing? Carbon Cycle

Which processes will remove carbon from the atmosphere?

Photosynthesis

Which processes will put carbon into the atmosphere?

Respiration, decomposition, combustion

  1. What are the processes of the nitrogen cycle?
  2. Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, ammonification, denitrofication, assimilation
  1. What is the source of ALL energy in a terrestrial ecosystem?
  2. Sunlight
  1. Which organisms in the food web are producers?
  2. The plants
  1. Which organisms in the food web are primary consumers?
  2. Grasshopper, squirrel, mouse, rabbit
  1. Which organisms in the food web are secondary consumers?
  2. Mouse, frog, fox, snake
  1. Which best describes what happens to the nutrients in an organism’s body when it dies?

a.  They are broken down by decomposers

  1. Write an example of a simple food chain.
  2. Sun à Plants à bugs à birds
  1. How much energy is transferred from one trophic

level to the next? 10%

  1. Why are plants the first trophic level?
  2. Because they produce their own food. They are autotrophic.
  1. Frogs rely on grasshoppers as a food source. Grasshoppers eat plants. What would happen to the frogs if the grasshoppers plant source was killed off? Sketch a food chain of this situation and describe the effects of the situation.
  2. Plants à grasshoppers à frogs
  3. If the plants were killed off, grasshoppers would die and the frogs would die
  1. What is carrying capacity?
  2. The number of organisms that can be supported in an environment, based on the available resources (food and water)
  1. What would happen to a population if it exceeded (went over) carrying capacity? Explain.
  2. The population would go down or die because of the lack of resources (food and water)
  1. Describe two ways a population can increase in size.
  2. Birth rate goes up, death rate goes down
  3. Immigration goes up, emigration goes down
  1. Describe two ways a population can decrease in size
  2. Birth rate goes down, death rate goes up
  3. Immigration goes down, emigration goes up
  1. Place the following in order of ecological organization:

organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Use the graph provided to answer the following 3 questions:

  1. Explain what the graph is representing. Male and female populations in Kenya, USA and Germany
  1. In 40 years in Germany, what profession will be in high demand? How do you know?
  2. Nursing home care.
  3. There is a large amount of middle aged people who will be 70 years old in 40 yrs.
  1. Which country will the population expect to increase drastically in the future?
  2. Kenya

Use the following image to the right to answer the next question:

  1. Explain the role of the following organisms

in this food web. Explain the prey and predators

for each and also whether they are producers or

level of consumer.

  1. Penguin- predator of krill, prey of killer whale
  2. consumer
  1. Seal- predator of cod and squid, prey of killer whale
  1. consumer
  1. What is the original source of energy in this web?
  2. Sunlight
  1. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? Provide an example of an organism for each.
  2. Autotroph- produces its own food (plants)
  3. Heterotroph- gets food by consuming (animals)
  1. Explain the following type of relationships:
  2. Commensalism: relationship where one organism benefits and the other is not harmed or benefited
  3. Mutualism: relationship where both organisms benefit
  1. Parasitism: relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed

Classification

  1. Name TWO differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  2. Prokaryotes DO NOT have membrane organelles
  3. Prokaryotes are ALL single celled
  1. Label the following either a prokaryote or eukaryote:
  1. Bacteria- prokaryote Fungi- eukaryote
  1. Archae - prokaryote Protists- eukaryote
  1. Plants- eukaryote Animals- eukaryote
  2. Who came up with binomial nomenclature?
  3. Carl Linneaus
  1. What is binomial nomenclature?
  2. Classification of organisms
  1. Place the following classification categories in order from most broad to most specific

order, genus, class, kingdom, phylum, species, family

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Remember King Phillip came over for great soup!

  1. Label the following shapes of bacteria:
  2. Cocci Bacillus spirilli

Use the image for the next 2 questions.

  1. Explain how the structures help each of the above organisms move.
  2. Organism A- pseudopoda
  3. Organism B- cilia
  4. Organism C- flagella
  1. Which of the above organisms is a(n):
  2. Paramecium- organism B
  3. Amoeba- organism A
  1. The protists “Euglenids” are green in color. What conclusions can you draw about this organism’s process of meeting its energy needs?
  2. They can photosynthesize
  3. How do fungi gain energy? What structures do they have to help them do so?
  4. They break down food with enzymes using hyphae and absorb it
  1. Why are fungi crucial to an ecosystem?
  2. They are decomposers
  1. Provided the following descriptions, identify the kingdom you would find these organisms.

B.  unicellular, autotrophic, and has a nucleus - protist

C.  unicellular, autotrophic, lacking a nucleus – bacteria

D.  multi-cellular, heterotrophic, nucleus- fungus

E.  unicellular, no nucleus, flagella- bacteria

F.  unicellular, nucleus, flagella- protist

  1. Identify the cycle this virus is undergoing. à

Lytic cycle

67.  How is the lysogenic cycle different from the lytic cycle?

The virus can lay dormant for years

  1. What does “invertebrate” mean?
  2. No backbone
  1. Explain the difference between radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry. SKETCH an image of organism for each type.
  2. Radial symmetry radiates from a central source, bilateral symmetry is the same on both sides.
  1. What phylum are each of the following organisms found:
  1. Segmented worms- annelida
  1. Fish- chordata
  1. Squid/Octopus- Mollusca
  1. Frogs- Chordata
  1. What type of organisms have an open circulatory system?
  2. Molluska (squid, clam), insecta (grasshopper), arthropod (crayfish)
  1. What type of organisms have an closed circulatory system?

a.  Chordata (frog and fish), annelida (worm)

  1. Identify the phylums with the following characteristics:
  2. invertebrate, bilateral symmetry, mantle, 3 hearts- Mollusca
  3. vertebrate, gills, 2-chambered heart, bilateral symmetry- chordata
  4. invertebrate, bilateral symmetry, septa- annelida
  5. vertebrate, lungs, 3-chambered heart - Chordata
  1. Circle THE characteristic that ALL animals have in common
  1. bilateral symmetry autotrophic diploid cells no backbone

Plants/Flowers

  1. What structures transport water within a plant?
  2. xylem
  1. What structures transport nutrients within a plant?
  2. phloem
  1. What characteristics differ between monocots and dicots? Fill in the table below:
  1. Monocots Dicots

Parallel veins branching veins

Single cotyledon double cotyledon

Vascular bundles random vascular bundles in a circle

  1. What is the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination?
  2. Self- pollination can occur in the same flower
  3. Cross- pollination needs two flowers
  1. Identify the structures of the flower:
  1. a- petal
  2. b- sepal
  3. c- stigma
  4. d- style
  5. e- ovules
  6. f- anther
  7. g- filiment
  1. Describe the purpose of the following structures:
  1. Anther- produces pollen
  2. Stigma- catches pollen
  3. Petals- attracts pollinators
  4. Sepals- protects the flower
  1. What needs to happen for fertilization to take place once a flower receives the pollen?
  2. Pollen falls on the stigma. It is carried down the style through the pollen tube. It enters the ovary and fertilizes the ovule.

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