Biology: Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide

The Science of Biology

  1. What is science?
  2. Biologists only study what type of things?
  3. Science is an ongoing process that involves?
  4. What is an observation?
  5. Compare and contrast the two types of observations. Give an example of each.
  6. What is data?
  7. Explain the difference between an inference and observation. Give an example of each.
  8. What is a hypothesis? What kind of statement should it be?
  9. Formulating a hypothesis:
    Problem: Russell raises bees. He noticed that different numbers of young hatched from the same number of hives at different times. He wondered what factors might influence the hatching rate of bees. He selected the following variables to be tested:
  10. temperature of hivec. amount of food available
  11. relative humidity inside the hived. number of bees living in the hive

Construct a hypothesis for each variable listed above.

  1. List the 5 steps of the scientific method we discussed in class.
  2. What is a controlled experiment and why is a controlled experiment important in science?
  3. What is the difference between independent variable and dependent variable? Be able to distinguish between the two.
  4. A number of rats are divided into two groups: One group is fed a normal diet, while the other group is fed the same diet but with one necessary mineral left out. The animals receiving the normal diet remained healthy; those in the other group grew weaker.
  5. Identify the independent variable.
  6. Identify the dependent variable.
  7. Which set of rats were the controls?? Which were the experimental?
  8. If the results of your experiment refute (do not support) your hypothesis, what should you do?
  9. What is a science based theory?
  10. Give a good example of a theory and give a poor example of a theory.
  11. What is spontaneous generation?
  12. How was it disproved? Discuss all three scientists experiments and what they did/discovered.
  13. In science scientists will usually show data by making a ______.
  14. Identify where the independent and dependent variables are found on a graph. DRY MIX
  15. What should all graphs have?
  16. A line graph compares:
  17. Be able to identify the x and y axis on a graph.
  18. Be able to interpret and answer questions about graphs. (see other page)
  19. Metric: Name the basic metric unit used to measure each of the following:
  20. Volume-______b. Mass-______c. Length-______d. Temperature:______
  21. Place these metric units in order from smallest to largest:

meterkilometermillimetermicrometercentimeter

  1. What is the most appropriate metric unit for measure each of the following?
  2. The distance between cities
  3. Your height
  4. The length of an ant
  5. The volume of water in a swimming pool
  6. The volume of soup in a can
  7. The mass of a buffalo
  8. The mass of a feather
  9. Convert the following:
  10. 34 cm to m
  11. 567 g to kg
  12. 1.2 L to mL
  1. Compare and contrast the two main types of microscopes?
  2. What is the magnification of an object which uses the 40x objective lens?

Characteristics of Living Things:

  1. Review the 8 characteristics all living things share.
  2. You will not be asked to list them all from memory, just make sure you understand what each one is about. (Be able to identify examples)
  3. Fire has several characteristics of a living thing. List 3. Why isn’t fire considered to be alive?
  4. Important vocabulary: Unicellular, multi-cellular, Homeostasis, Sexual Reproduction, Asexual
    Reproduction, Autotroph, Heterotroph, Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic,
    adaptation, stimulus.
  5. Which characteristic of life does each of these terms go with?
  6. What is an ecosystem made up of and how do ecosystems differ from one another?
  7. Place these terms in order from largest to smallest: cell, tissue, population, organ, ecosystem, organ system, DNA, biosphere, organism.
  8. Identify each of the following: Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community,Population

GRAPH INTERPRETATION

The line graph shows the number of worms collected and their lengths.

a) What length of worm is most common?

b) What was the longest worm found?

c) How many worms were 6 cm long?

d) How many worms were 7.25 cm long?

e) The peak of the curve represents the
[ longest worms / average worms ]

Which runner completed the 100 m race in the lease amount of time? What was his time?

Which runner started out the fastest?

What was Charlie doing between 8 seconds and 10.5 seconds?

What does a straight line on this graph tell you? A curved line?

Cell Structure:

  1. List the five scientists who helped develop the cell theory. Describe each one’s contribution to the cell theory.
  2. What are the three parts of the cell theory?
  3. Compare and contrast Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes. Be able to identify each one by characteristics.
  4. What is an organelle?
  5. Describe the function of each organelle in a cell. (12)
  6. What is cytoplasm?
  7. What is the cytoskeleton? Identify the differences between microtubules and microfilaments.
  8. The cell membrane controls: ______
  9. Describe what the cell membrane looks like/is made of?
  10. What does hydrophobic mean? What does hydrophilic mean?
  11. Molecules moving from a high to low concentration?
  12. Explain what is moving during diffusion. (give an example)
  13. Explain what is moving during osmosis. (give an example)
  14. Compare and contrast osmosis and diffusion.
  15. Describe what happens to a human blood cell in an isotonic solution, hypotonic solution, and hypertonic solution.
  16. Describe what happens to a plant cell in an isotonic solution, hypotonic solution, and hypertonic solution.
  17. Summarize the egg demo we did in class.
  18. Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion to regular diffusion.
  19. Compare and contrast diffusion to active transport.
  20. Why aren’t the lipid tails of the phospholipids facing the outside of the cell?
  21. If I placed a piece of celery into a solution with a very high concentration of salt, what would happen?
  22. Compare and contrast an animal cell to a plant cell.
  23. Trace the path of protein production through a cell.
  24. Not only know the function of each organelle, be able to label each organelle in a cell.

Vocab: concentration, diffusion, prokaryotic, eukaryotic, osmosis, selectively permeable, isotonic solution, hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution, active transport, carrier protein, endocytosis, exocytosis.

Photosynthesis:

  1. Know the photosynthesis equation/reaction. (word and formula).
  2. During photosynthesis light energy is converted into ______.
  3. Why is it necessary to convert light energy into this other form of energy?
  4. Energy in living things is stored as ______& ______
  5. What is ATP?
  6. Where is energy stored in ATP? How is it released?
  7. Compare and contrast ATP to ADP.
  8. Explain how ATP and ADP are like batteries.
  9. Describe three ways in which ATP is used by our cells.
  10. What contributions did Van Helmont, Joseph Priestly and Jan Ingenhousz give to science?
  11. What are pigments and why are they important?
  12. What are plants main two pigments?
  13. What pigments did we see in our lab?
  14. What lab technique did we do during our pigment lab?
  15. Explain why leaves change color in the fall.
  16. Which organelle is the most important in photosynthesis?
  17. Label the parts of this photosynthetic organelle:
  1. What processes happen in each structure of this organelle.
  2. What energy carrier do plants use for photosynthesis?
  3. What does an energy carrier do?
  4. Compare and contrast Light Dependent Reactions to Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle).
  5. One of the products of photosynthesis is oxygen. What is that produced from?
  6. What goes in to the light dependent reactions? What comes out?
  7. What is the point of the light dependent reaction?
  8. What happens during the Calvin Cycle? (Light independent).
  9. What goes in to the Calvin Cycle? What comes out?
  10. What is the main point of the Calvin Cycle?
  11. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases during the night and decreases during the day. Based on your knowledge of photosynthesis, explain why this occurs.
  12. Label the stages of photosynthesis in the chloroplast below.

Cellular Respiration:

  1. In terms of photosynthesis & cellular respiration, what is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs?
  2. How are cellular respiration & photosynthesis opposite reactions?
  3. What is the role of glucose in both cellular respiration & photosynthesis?
  4. Explain why the statement: “Life on Earth depends on the sun” is true.
  5. Name the process in which chemical energy is released from food (glucose).
  6. Why is ATP used for cellular work instead of glucose?
  7. What is the equation for Cellular Respiration. Explain the equation.
  8. Why is cellular respiration called an aerobic respiration?
  9. How is breathing related to cellular respiration?
  10. Compare and contrast the burning of a marshmallow with fire to the burning of a marshmallow through cellular respiration.
  11. What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration? (Why is it needed?)
  12. How many ATP do we get from 1 glucose molecule?
  13. Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?
  14. Name and describe 2 types of fermentation. Discuss when and where they occur as well as the products of each and how these might be used.
  15. What are the three stages of cellular respiration and what is important in each? Where does each occur?
  16. What is ATP synthase?
  17. Label and describe what is going on during Cellular Respiration.

Cell Cycle and Mitosis:

  1. What is the cell cycle?
  2. The cell cycle consists of Interphase and the Mitotic phase. Explain what happens during interphase.
  3. Explain what happens during the cell cycle to ensure that cells are ready to divide?
  4. Explain what happens during the mitotic phase.
  5. What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?
  6. When and why does a cell’s DNA change from chromatin to chromosomes and then back again?
  7. When does DNA replication occur and why is it essential that it does occur?
  8. A chromosome is made up of 2 identical sister ______joined together at the ______.
  9. What is the difference between the mitotic phase and mitosis?
  10. During mitosis the chromosomes are moved around. What actually moves the chromosomes?
  11. How many times does the nucleus divide during mitosis?
  12. What is cytokinesis?
  13. How can you tell the difference between animal and plant cytokinesis?
  14. Describe what happens in each stage of mitosis.
  15. How many daughter cells are produced as a result of mitosis? Are they haploid or diploid?
  16. Compare the resulting daughter cells to the parent cell.
  17. Describe three reasons why multicellular organisms need mitosis to occur.
  18. What happens as a result of uncontrolled cell growth and division?
  19. Describe what cyclins are and what they do.
  20. Why are internal and external regulators important?
  21. Compare and contrast benign tumors to malignant tumors.
  22. What is it called when malignant tumors spread to other parts of the body?
  23. What are stem cells and why are they important?

Vocab: centromere, interphase, chromatin, sister chromatids, chromosomes, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, cell cycle, mitosis, cleavage furrow, cell plate.

**Know the compare and contrast chart of meiosis and mitosis**

Meiosis:

  1. What are somatic cells?
  2. What are gametes?
  3. During meiosis, the number of chromosomes is reduced by ______.
  4. Meiosis is the production of ______.
  5. Human body cell has how many chromosomes?
  6. Human sex cell has how many chromosomes?
  7. Why would the sex cells only have ½ the number of chromosomes as the body cell?
  8. How many divisions of the nucleus occurs during meiosis?
  9. Summarize MeiosisI. (know what happens in each stage)
  10. What is crossing over and why is it important?
  11. Summarize Meiosis II. (know what happens in each stage)
  12. Compare and contrast Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
  13. Male gametes are called: ______How many sperm are produced in Meiosis?
  14. Female gametes are called: ______How many eggs result from meiosis? What are the other cells called?
  15. Give examples of diploid and haploid cells.

Vocab: diploid, haploid, somatic cell, gamete, fertilization, zygote, homologous chromosomes, tetrad, crossing over, genetic recombination.

Karyotypes and Chromosomal Disorders:

  1. What is a karyotype?
  2. Be able to read a karyotype.
  3. How can you identify the gender of a person from a karyotype?
  4. What kind of cells can you form a karyotype from?
  5. When might a karyotype be important?
  6. What are uses for karyotypes?
  7. What is a genetic counselor?
  8. What is nondisjunction? How does it happen?
  9. What is trisomy 21?
  10. What three chromosomal disorders did we discuss in class?
  11. What are jumping genes?
  12. Describe the four types of changes that can occur causing damage to chromosomes.

2nd Hour: Final—Day 2 (Dec. 19—Wednesday) 9:30 AM

3rd Hour: Final—Day 2 (Dec. 19—Wednesday) 11:15 AM

5th Hour: Final—Day 3 (Dec 20—Thursday) 9:30 AM

USE THIS STUDYGUIDE AS A GUIDE TO WHAT MATERIAL TO FOCUS ON!

YOU WILL HAVE THURSDAY AND FRIDAY (of this week)
IN CLASS TO LOOK AT OLD TESTS!

GOOD LUCK!