Biology Final Exam Review

Biology Semester 2 Review

1. The X and Y chromosomes are called the

______chromosomes

1. Which of the following is the best explanation for the observation that females rarely get the disease hemophilia?

A female could get the disease only by having a ______who is a carrier and a father who has the disease. Since most males with the disease do not survive to reproductive age, this is an extremely unlikely event. That is the reason sex linked traits occurs mainly in ______.

1. What is the difference between monohybrid and dihybrid cross? Which one is a 9:3:3:1 ratio?
2. What is the difference between dominant and recessive traits?
3. What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous? Which one is a hybrid?
4. What is the difference between phenotype and genotype and be able to identify them on the test?
5. How many possible gametes from AaBb?______, AABb______, and AaBB______
6. What happens during crossing over? What phase of meiosis?
7. What is the difference between genetics and heredity?
8. What is the law of independent assortment?
9. What is the law of segregation?
10. How many chromosomes in a human body cell? In a gamete? Which one is diploid and haploid (from this q’n)?
11. What is the use of a punnett square?
12. An individual with two recessive alleles is called? ______recessive for that trait.

15. What is the difference between the following mutations:deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, and nondisjunction?

16. What are the 4 blood types, which ones are dominant, codominant, recessive.

17. A change (or mistake) in a gene due to damage or incorrect copying is called?

18. The effects of a mutation can be:

19. Define pedigree:

20. Is the blood type controlled by multiple alleles or one allele?

21. What would be the blood type of a person who inherited an A allele from one parent and an O allele from the other? Type:______

22. In humans, the risks of passing on a genetic disorder to one’s children can be assessed by:

23. If both parents carry the recessive allele (Cc X Cc) that causes cystic fibrosis, the chance that their child will develop the disease is

24. If a characteristic is sex-linked, it occurs mainly in ______( choose one: males or females)

25. Since the allele for colorblindness is located on the X chromosome, colorblindness is ______

26. People with Down syndrome have ______chromosomes.

27. The sex of an offspring is determined by the ______.

28. Which one is homozygous and which one is heterozygous? ______Bb , ______BB

30. An individual heterozygous (Tt) for a trait and an individual homozygous recessive (tt) for the trait are crossed and produce many offspring. How many possible phenotypes (looks)

31. Free earlobe (F) is dominant over attached earlobe (f) in humans. What is the genotype (letter) of a human that is heterozygous for earlobe? ______

32. A trait that occurs in 450 individuals out of a total of 1,800 individuals occurs with a probability of

In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). Consider the following cross between two rabbits.

33.Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype of the parents is?

34.Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype of the offspring indicated by box 3 would be black or brown?

35.Refer to the illustration above. The genotypic ratio of the F1 generation would be?

36.What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a homozygous dominant (BB) heterozygous (Bb) monohybrid cross?

37.What fraction of the offspring resulting from a heterozygous  heterozygous dihybrid cross are homozygous recessive for both traits?

38.What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a heterozygous  heterozygous monohybrid cross?

39.What is the expected phenotypic ratio resulting from a homozygous dominant  heterozygous monohybrid cross?

40.Darwin drew ideas for his theory from observations of organisms on the ______island

41. The species of finches that Darwin observed differed in the shape of their beaks. According to Darwin, all of these species probably

42. What is the difference between adaptation and variation

43.What is natural selection? Why is it so important for Darwin?

44. What is the difference and examples between homologous, vestigial and analogous structures? What are they used for?

45.What is used for evidence of evolution?

46. Who was Lamark? Who was Hutton and Lyell?

47. What is the difference between convergent evolution and divergent evolution. Give an example of each

48. What is the difference between epochs, eras, and periods? What era is archeabacteria found? Humans?

49. What are fossils?Where are they found mainly?In which layer of rock is the oldest fossil found (top or bottom layer)?

50.What are the types of fossils? Which type has whole organisms found?

51. The age of the earth is? The oldest organism is?

52. What are radioactive isotopes?

53. Know the difference between biomes, ecosystem, community, population, habitat, niche

54. Know the difference between producers, consumers, decomposers

55. Know the biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus and water.

56. What are the products and reactants of photosynthesis?

57.What is the difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?

58. What organisms are Cnidarians, Mollusks, Arthropods?

59. What is the meaning of cephalopod?

60. Examples of Arthropods? Are there some in the ocean? Which ones

62 Know the difference between bacteria, virus, plants, fungus, and protists.

63. Compare and contrast monocots and dicots. Why are angiosperms so important to sustain life?

64. Differences and similarities between a plant and a fungus, their role in an ecosystem.