Biology (CP) Final Exam Study Guide 2

Biology (CP) Final Exam Study Guide 2

Multiple Choice

Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____1.The work of Schleiden and Schwann can be summarized by saying that

a. / all plants are made of cells.
b. / all animals are made of cells.
c. / plants and animals have specialized cells.
d. / all plants and animals are made of cells.

____2.Electron microscopes can reveal details

a. / only in specimens that are still alive.
b. / about the different colors of cell structures.
c. / of cell structures only once they are stained.
d. / 1000 times smaller than those visible in light microscopes.

____3.Colors seen in images made from electron microscopes are

a. / true to life.
b. / the colors of electrons.
c. / added to make certain structures easier to see.
d. / added so scientists can trace living cells through the body.

____4.Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. How do you know?

a. / The cell lacks cytoplasm.
b. / The cell lacks a cell membrane.
c. / The cell lacks a nucleus.
d. / The cell lacks genetic material.

____5.Which of the following enclose their DNA in a nucleus?

a. / prokaryotes
b. / bacteria
c. / eukaryotes
d. / viruses

____6.Which of the following organisms are prokaryotes?

a. / plants
b. / animals
c. / bacteria
d. / fungi

Figure 7–1

____7.

Which of the following conclusions could you draw about the cell shown in Figure 7–1?

a. / The cell is eukaryotic because it has a nucleus.
b. / The cell is prokaryotic because it has a nucleus.
c. / The cell is eukaryotic because it does not have a nucleus.
d. / The cell is prokaryotic because it does not have a nucleus.

____8.Which of the following is a function of the nucleus?

a. / stores DNA
b. / stores sugars
c. / builds proteins
d. / packages proteins

____9.Which of the following statements about the nucleus is NOT true?

a. / The nucleus stores the coded instructions for making the cell’s proteins.
b. / The nucleus usually contains a nucleolus region which is where ribosome assembly begins.
c. / The nucleus is the site of protein assembly.
d. / The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope that lets materials in and out.

____10.Which organelle breaks down organelles that are no longer useful?

a. / Golgi apparatus
b. / lysosome
c. / endoplasmic reticulum
d. / mitochondrion

____11.Which structures are involved in cell movement?

a. / cytoplasm and ribosomes
b. / nucleolus and nucleus
c. / microtubules and microfilaments
d. / chromosomes

Figure 7–2

____12.Which structure in the cell shown in Figure 7–2 above stores materials, such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates?

a. / structure A
b. / structure B
c. / structure C
d. / structure D

____13.Which organelles are involved in energy conversion?

a. / mitochondria and chloroplasts
b. / mitochondria and ribosomes
c. / smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. / Golgi apparatus and chloroplasts

____14.Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?

a. / mitochondrion
b. / ribosome
c. / chloroplast
d. / smooth endoplasmic reticulum

____15.You will NOT find a cell wall in which of these kinds of organisms?

a. / plants
b. / animals
c. / fungi
d. / bacteria

____16.The cell membrane contains channels and pumps that help move materials from one side to the other. What are these channels and pumps made of?

a. / carbohydrates
b. / lipids
c. / bilipids
d. / proteins

____17.An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes

a. / water to move into the cell.
b. / water to move out of the cell.
c. / solutes to move into the cell.
d. / solutes to move out of the cell.

____18.Which means of particle transport requires input of energy from the cell?

a. / diffusion
b. / osmosis
c. / facilitated diffusion
d. / active transport

Figure 7–5

____19.Which means of particle transport is shown in Figure 7–5 above?

a. / endocytosis
b. / exocytosis
c. / facilitated diffusion
d. / protein pump

____20.Which term describes the relatively constant internal physical conditions of an organism?

a. / cell specialization
b. / homeostasis
c. / organ system
d. / unicellularity

____21.The cells of unicellular organisms are

a. / specialized to perform different tasks.
b. / larger than those of multicellular organisms.
c. / able to carry out all of the functions necessary for life.
d. / unable to respond to changes in their environment.

____22.A group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called

a. / an organ.
b. / an organ system.
c. / a tissue.
d. / a division of labor.

Figure 8–1

____23.Look at Figure 8–1. All of the following are parts of an ADP molecule EXCEPT

a. / structure A.
b. / structure B.
c. / structure C.
d. / structure D.

____24.In Figure 8–1, between which parts of the molecule must the bonds be broken to form an ADP molecule?

a. / A and B
b. / A and C
c. / B and C
d. / C and D

____25.Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called

a. / autotrophs.
b. / heterotrophs.
c. / thylakoids.
d. / pigments.

____26.Organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain energy from external sources are called

a. / autotrophs.
b. / heterotrophs.
c. / thylakoids.
d. / plants.

____27.Which of the following organisms is a heterotroph?

a. / mushroom
b. / alga
c. / wheat
d. / sunflower

____28.What happens during photosynthesis?

a. / Heterotrophs consume ATP.
b. / Heterotrophs produce ATP.
c. / Autotrophs consume carbohydrates.
d. / Autotrophs produce carbohydrates.

____29.Most plants appear green because chlorophyll

a. / absorbs green light.
b. / absorbs violet light.
c. / does not absorb green light.
d. / does not absorb violet light.

____30.A granum is a

a. / stack of chloroplasts.
b. / stack of thylakoids.
c. / membrane enclosing a thylakoid.
d. / photosynthetic pigment molecule.

____31.Which of the following is FALSE?

a. / A chloroplast contains stroma.
b. / A stroma contains a thylakoid.
c. / A granum contains several thylakoids.
d. / A thylakoid contains chlorophyll.

Figure 8–3

____32.Which chemical shown in Figure 8–3 is an electron carrier molecule?

a. / H2O
b. / carbon dioxide
c. / NADP+
d. / oxygen

____33.When NADP+ accepts and holds two high-energy electrons, what else gets bonded to the molecule as part of the reaction?

a. / a hydrogen ion
b. / a water molecule
c. / a phosphate group
d. / a glucose molecule

____34.Why are electron carriers needed for transporting electrons from one part of the chloroplast to another?

a. / High-energy electrons would be destroyed.
b. / High-energy electrons are highly reactive.
c. / High-energy electrons are not soluble in cytoplasm.
d. / High-energy electrons get their energy from electron carriers.

____35.A student is collecting the gas given off from a plant in bright sunlight at a temperature of 27°C. The gas being collected is probably

a. / oxygen.
b. / carbon dioxide.
c. / ATP.
d. / glucose.

____36.Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?

a. / in the stroma of the chloroplast
b. / within the mitochondria membranes
c. / within the thylakoid membranes
d. / in the outer membrane of the chloroplasts

____37.What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?

a. / oxygen gas and glucose
b. / ATP, NADPH, and oxygen gas
c. / ATP, carbon dioxide gas, and NADPH
d. / carbon dioxide gas, oxygen gas, and NADPH

____38.What action contributes to the inside of the thylakoid membrane becoming positively charged during the light-dependent reactions?

a. / H+ ions are released as water splits.
b. / ATP synthase allows H+ ions to pass through the membrane.
c. / ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP.
d. / Carbon dioxide builds up in the stroma.

____39.The Calvin cycle takes place in the

a. / stroma.
b. / photosystems.
c. / thylakoid membranes.
d. / chlorophyll molecules.

____40.What is a product of the Calvin cycle?

a. / oxygen gas
b. / ATP
c. / high-energy sugars
d. / carbon dioxide gas

____41.If you continue to increase the intensity of light that a plant receives, what happens?

a. / The rate of photosynthesis increases indefinitely with light intensity.
b. / The rate of photosynthesis decreases indefinitely with light intensity.
c. / The rate of photosynthesis increases and then levels off.
d. / The rate of photosynthesis does not change.

Figure 8–6

____42.Imagine that y-axis of each graph in Figure 8–6 describes the rate of photosynthesis. Which of the graphs represents the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis?

a. / A
b. / B
c. / C
d. / D

____43.Imagine that y-axis of each graph in Figure 8–6 describes the rate of photosynthesis. Which of the graphs represents the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?

a. / A
b. / B
c. / C
d. / D

____44.What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?

a. / 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
b. / 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy  6CO2 + 6H2O
c. / 6CO2 + 6H2O  6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy
d. / 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy  6O2 + C6H12O6

____45.Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down

a. / food molecules.
b. / ATP.
c. / carbon dioxide.
d. / water.

____46.Which organism is NOT likely to carry out cellular respiration?

a. / cypress tree
b. / button mushroom
c. / anaerobic bacterium
d. / Siberian tiger

Figure 9–1

____47.Using Figure 9–1, which pairing matches the structures shown in the cell diagrams with the processes that take place within those structures?

a. / A: photosynthesis; B: cellular respiration
b. / C: photosynthesis; D: cellular respiration
c. / D: photosynthesis; E: cellular respiration
d. / E: photosynthesis; D: cellular respiration

____48.Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in

a. / animal cells only.
b. / plant cells only.
c. / prokaryotic cells only.
d. / all eukaryotic cells.

____49.Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of

a. / 2 ATP molecules.
b. / 4 ATP molecules.
c. / 18 ATP molecules.
d. / 36 ATP molecules.

____50.Which of the following is an electron carrier that plays a role in cellular respiration?

a. / NAD+
b. / pyruvic acid
c. / NADP+
d. / ATP

____51.The starting molecule for the Krebs cycle is

a. / glucose.
b. / NADH.
c. / pyruvic acid.
d. / coenzyme A.

____52.The Krebs cycle produces

a. / oxygen.
b. / lactic acid.
c. / carbon dioxide.
d. / glucose.

____53.In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by

a. / lactic acid fermentation.
b. / alcoholic fermentation.
c. / photosynthesis.
d. / the Krebs cycle.

____54.In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in the

a. / inner mitochondrial membrane.
b. / nucleus.
c. / cell membrane.
d. / cytoplasm.

____55.Cellular respiration uses 1 molecule of glucose to produce approximately

a. / 2 ATP molecules.
b. / 4 ATP molecules.
c. / 32 ATP molecules.
d. / 36 ATP molecules.

____56.When microorganisms in milk produce acid under certain conditions, yogurt results. Which of these processes would you expect to be key in the production of yogurt?

a. / the Krebs cycle
b. / photosynthesis
c. / alcoholic fermentation
d. / lactic acid fermentation

____57.During fermentation,

a. / NAD+ is regenerated, allowing glycolysis to continue.
b. / glucose is split into 3 pyruvic acid molecules.
c. / oxygen is required.
d. / carbon dioxide is produced.

____58.The conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid requires

a. / alcohol.
b. / oxygen.
c. / ATP.
d. / NADH.

____59.Breathing heavily after running a race is your body’s way of

a. / making more citric acid.
b. / repaying an oxygen debt.
c. / restarting glycolysis.
d. / stopping the electron transport chain.

____60.The energy needed to win a 1-minute footrace is produced mostly by

a. / lactic acid fermentation.
b. / cellular respiration.
c. / using up stores of ATP.
d. / breaking down fats.

____61.As a cell becomes larger, its

a. / volume increases faster than its surface area.
b. / surface area increases faster than its volume.
c. / volume increases, but its surface area stays the same.
d. / surface area stays the same, but its volume increases.

____62.If the surface area of a cell that is shaped like a cube increases 100 times, its volume increases about

a. / 5 times.
b. / 10 times.
c. / 100 times.
d. / 1000 times.

____63.The rate at which wastes are produced by a cell partially depends on the cell’s

a. / ratio of surface area to volume.
b. / type of membrane.
c. / volume.
d. / surface area.

____64.All of the following are problems that growth causes for cells EXCEPT

a. / more demands on DNA.
b. / excess oxygen.
c. / obtaining enough food.
d. / expelling wastes.

____65.Which of the following happens when a cell divides?

a. / The cell’s volume increases.
b. / It becomes more difficult for the cell to get get rid of wastes.
c. / Each daughter cell receives its own copy of the parent cell’s DNA.
d. / It becomes more difficult for the cell to get enough oxygen and nutrients.

____66.The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called

a. / cell division.
b. / metaphase.
c. / interphase.
d. / mitosis.

____67.An advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that sexual reproduction

a. / takes less time
b. / requires more time
c. / provides genetic diversity
d. / produces identical offspring

Figure 10–1

____68.Which advantage of having the a cell’s DNA bundled into separate chromosomes is illustrated in Figure 10–1 above?

a. / During DNA replication, the number of chromosomes is cut in half.
b. / During DNA replication, the number of chromosomes stays the same.
c. / During cell division, each daughter cell will get the same number of genes.
d. / During cell division, each daughter cell will get a random number of genes.

____69.When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?

a. / only during interphase
b. / only when they are being replicated
c. / only during cell division
d. / only during the G1 phase

____70.During which phase in the cell cycle does mitosis happen?

a. / G1 phase
b. / G2 phase
c. / M phase
d. / S phase

____71.Which event occurs during interphase?

a. / The cytoplasm divides.
b. / Centrioles duplicate.
c. / Spindle fibers begin to form.
d. / Centromeres divide.

____72.Which of the following is a correct statement about the events of the cell cycle?

a. / Little happens during the G1 and G2 phases.
b. / DNA replicates during cytokinesis.
c. / The M phase is usually the longest phase.
d. / Interphase consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases.

Figure 10–5

____73.The structure labeled A in Figure 10–5 is called the

a. / centromere.
b. / centriole.
c. / sister chromatid.
d. / spindle.

____74.During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell?

a. / prophase
b. / telophase
c. / metaphase
d. / anaphase

____75.What is the role of the spindle fibers during mitosis?

a. / They help separate the chromosomes.
b. / They break down the nuclear membrane.
c. / They duplicate the DNA.
d. / They make the chromosomes visible.

____76.During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell that has four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing

a. / two chromosomes.
b. / four chromosomes.
c. / eight chromosomes.
d. / sixteen chromosomes.

____77.One difference between cell division in plant cells and in animal cells is that plant cells have

a. / centrioles.
b. / centromeres.
c. / a cell plate.
d. / chromatin.

____78.Which of the following explains why normal cells grown in a petri dish tend to stop growing once they have covered the bottom of the dish?

a. / The cells lack cyclin.
b. / The petri dish inhibits cell growth.
c. / Contact with other cells stops cell growth.
d. / Most cells grown in petri dishes have a defective p53.

____79.Cancer cells form masses of cells called

a. / tumors.
b. / cyclins.
c. / growth factors.
d. / p53.

____80.Why are stem cells important?

a. / They have specialized DNA.
b. / They are incapable of becoming cancer cells.
c. / They have the potential to undergo cell division.
d. / They have the potential to develop into other cell types.

Modified True/False

Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.

____81.Plant cells have chloroplasts but not mitochondria. ______

____82.Once equilibrium is reached, roughly equal numbers of molecules move in either direction across a semipermeable membrane, and there is no further change in concentration on either side of the membrane. ______

____83.During the light-dependent reactions, plants use the energy in ATP and NADPH to build high-energy sugars. ______

Figure 8–8

____84.According to the graph in Figure 8–8, the rate of photosynthesis in shade and sun plants decreases and then levels off as light intensity increases. ______

____85.Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of carbon dioxide. ______

____86.The Krebs cycle releases energy in the form of ATP. ______

____87.If you swim aerobically for 30 minutes, your body has probably started to break down stored molecules, such as fats, for energy. ______

____88.As a cell’s size increases, its ratio of surface area to volume increases. ______

____89.Typically, the longest phase of mitosis is metaphase. ______

____90.During cytokinesis, a cell undergoing cell division finally splits into two daughter cells. ______

Completion

Complete each statement.

91.Depending on whether they have a ______, unicellular organisms are classified as either eukaryotes or prokaryotes.

Figure 7–6

92.The storage structure indicated in Figure 7–6 by the letter F is a(an) ______.

93.The cell takes in food and water and eliminates wastes through its selectively permeable ______.

94.Large molecules, such as glucose, that cannot cross the lipid bilayer can still move across the membrane through a type of passive transport called ______.

95.A cell’s relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions are called ______.

96.A membrane protein called ______allows H+ ions to pass through the thylakoid membrane and into the stroma.

Figure 9–5

97.Figure 9–5 shows that the original source of energy for all organisms in an ocean food chain is ______.

98.During ______reproduction, cells can produce genetically different offspring, whereas during ______reproduction, cells produce genetically identical offspring.

99.Together, the G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase are called ______.

100.A cell that has 5 chromosomes in the G1 phase will have ______chromatids in the G2 phase.