Biologist ______ FINAL REVIEW GUIDE 2014

Biologist ______FINAL REVIEW GUIDE 2014

Your final will be on June _____ at ______in room ______.

Key Ideas to study

Step 1 - Highlight ALL concepts that you need extra help with.

Step 2 - MAKE FLASHCARDS for all concepts that you highlight.

MIDTERM (Chapter 1,2,3,4, and 7)

-Theory vs. Hypothesis

-Covalent/Ionic Bond

-pH

-Acid (> H+) /Base (> OH-)

-Carbon’s bonding ability

-Proteins/Lipids/Carbohydrates/Nucleic Acids

-Cell Theory

-Homeostasis

-ATP

-Autotrophs/Heterotrophs

-Photosynthesis and cell respiration equation

CHAPTER 10 CELL CYCLE

-Surface area : Volume

-Problems with cell growth

-Cell division

-G1, S and G2 Interphase

-Chromosome parts

-Stages of mitosis

-Cytokinesis (animals vs. plants)

-Cancer

-Differentiation

CHAPTER 11 GENETICS

-Alleles

-Gamete

-Gregor Mendel

-Homozygous (Pure)

-Heterozygous (Hybrid)

-Punnett Squares

-Probability

-Principle of independent assortment

-Principle of segregation

-Phenotype

-Genotype

-Codominance

-Incomplete dominance

-Genes and environment phenotype influence

-Diploid/Haploid

-Crossing over

-Meiosis

-Mitosis vs. meiosis

-Gene linkage/gene map

CHAPTER 12 DNA

-Griffith’s experiment

-Avery’s experiment

-Bacteriophage

-DNA

-Nucleotide

-Base pairing/Chargaff’s Rules

-Franklin

-Watson and Crick

-DNA replication

-DNA polymerase

-DNA location in prok/eukaryotes

CHAPTER 13 RNA

-RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)

-DNA vs. RNA

-Transcription

-Translation

-Codon/Anticodon

-Codon table

-Promoter

-Dogma – DNARNAProtein

-Genetic code read 3 letters

CHAPTER 16& 17-2 EVOLUTION

-Charles Darwin

-Galapagos Islands

-Hutton and Lyell

-Lamarck’s hypothesis

-Malthus’s theory

-Artificial selection

-Natural selection

-Struggle for existence

-Variation and Adaptation

-Survival of the fittest

-Biogeography

-Homologous/Analogous structures

-Vestigial structures

-Molecular evidence

-Grant’s hypothesis

-Genetic Drift

-Disruptive, Stabilizing, and Directional Selection

-Hardy-Weinberg Conditions for Genetic Equilibrium

STEP 3 - REVIEW

1. What is a scientific theory?

1. What is an acid? Number on pH scale?

1. Why is carbon special?

1. What is the function of a protein?

1. What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?

1. How is energy released from ATP?

1. Who was Gregor Mendel?

1. What is a genotype? Phenotype? Examples?

1. What is the equation for cell respiration?

1. What happens to the surface area and volume as a cell increases in size?

1. What is cell division?

1. Describe Interphase? What happens in G1, S, and G2?

1. Draw a chromosome and label sister chromatids and the centromere.

1. What are the phases of mitosis in order?

1. What happens in each phase or mitosis?

1. How does cell division in a plant cell differ from an animal cell?

1. What regulates the cell cycle in a eukaryotic cell?
2. What is differentiation?

1. Why are stem cells important?

1. What is complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and co dominance?

1. What are dominant and recessive alleles?

1. What is the principle of independent assortment?

1. Traits are influenced by genes and the ______.

1. The end result of meiosis is:

1. When does crossing over occur?

1. What are linked genes?

1. Describe Griffiths conclusion.

1. Describe Avery’s conclusion.

1. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

1. What is the base pairing rule?

1. What does DNA polymerase do?

1. How is RNA different than DNA?

1. What are the three types of RNA and what do they do?

1. What is transcription?

1. What is translation?

1. What did Darwin discover?

1. How did Hutton and Lyell help Darwin’s discoveries?

1. What did Lamarck suggest?

1. What is fitness?

1. What is the theory of natural selection?

1. Describe at least four pieces of evidence for Natural Selection (homologous, analogous, vestigial structures; DNA; Fossil Record; Grants Hypothesis, etc.)

1. Describe Genetic Drift (Founder effect, bottle neck effect).

1. Describe Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive Selection.

STEP 4 - QUIZ YOURSELF

Midterm Review

1. How do scientific theories compare to hypothesis?
2. Theories are the same as hypotheses
3. Theories unify a broad range of observations and hypotheses
4. Covalent bonds are formed when
5. Electrons are transferred
6. Electrons are shared
7. A substance with a pH of 8 is called
8. An acid
9. A base
10. Neutral
11. Solutions with more OH- than H+ ions are
12. Bases
13. Acids
14. Neutral
15. Why is carbon so special compared with other elements?
16. Carbon can bond to one another and form a lot of different structures
17. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons and can form quadruple bonds
18. What is one function of a protein?
19. Control the rate of reactions
20. Store and transmit genetic information
21. What is an abiotic factor?
22. Something non living
23. Something living
24. Energy is released form ATP when
25. A phosphate group is added
26. A phosphate group is removed
27. Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called
28. Thylakoids
29. Pigments
30. What is the equation for cell respiration?
31. Oxygen + glucose  Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
32. Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy  Oxygen + Glucose

Cell Division

1. As a cell becomes larger, its
2. Volume increases faster than its surface area
3. Surface area increases faster than its volume
4. The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called
5. Mitosis
6. Meiosis
7. When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?
8. Only during interphase
9. Only during cell division

1. During which part of the cell cycle is a cell’s DNA replicated?
2. G1
3. S
4. Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence?
5. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
6. Interphase, metaphase, anaphase, prophase
7. During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell?
8. Anaphase
9. Metaphase
10. In eukaryotic cells, the timing of the cell cycle is regulated by
11. Centrioles
12. Cyclins
13. One difference between cell division of a plant and animal cell is that plant cells have
14. Cell plates
15. Cleavage furrows
16. Why are stem cells important?
17. They have specialized DNA
18. They have the potential to develop into other cells
19. What is the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?
20. They help separate the chromosomes
21. They help to break down the nuclear membrane

Genetics

1. Each gamete has how many alleles for one gene?
2. One
3. Two
4. If a pea plant has a recessive allele for green peas, it will produce
5. Green peas if it also has a dominant allele for yellow peas
6. Green peas if it doesn’t also have a dominant allele for yellow peas
7. What is an example of a hybrid genotype?
8. PP
9. Pp
10. A tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (Tt). Which of the following would be the outcome?
11. The offspring can be tall or short
12. The offspring will be of medium height
13. A heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed with a short plant. The probability that the offspring will be tall is
14. 25%
15. 50%

1. What principle states that during gamete formation genes for different traits separate without influencing each others inheritance?
2. Principle of dominance
3. Principle of independent assortment
4. Roan cattle show codominance for the color of their hair. There are alleles for red hair and white hair. What would you expect a heterozygous roan bull to look like if the trait showed incomplete dominance instead?
5. It would be spotted.
6. It would be pink.
7. The artic fox is blue=gray in the summer and white in the winter. What most likely influenced this change?
8. Genes and the environment
9. The environment alone
10. If an organisms diploid number is 12, its haploid number is
11. 12
12. 8

Meiosis

1. Gametes are produced by the process of
2. Mitosis
3. Meiosis
4. Chromosomes from tetrads during
5. Prophase I of meiosis
6. Metaphase I of meiosis
7. What is formed at the end of meiosis?
8. 4 genetically different haploid cells
9. 4 genetically identical diploid cells
10. Linked genes
11. Are never separated
12. Are on the same chromosomes
13. The farther apart two genes are located on a chromosome, the
14. Less likely they are to be inherited together.
15. More likely they are to be inherited together.
16. Which of the following assort independently?
17. Chromosomes
18. Linked genes

DNA

1. Griffith called the process he observed transformation because
2. The harmful bacteria had been transformed
3. The harmless bacteria had been transformed
4. What did Avery conclude caused transformation?
5. DNA
6. Protein
7. What is inside a bacteriophage?
8. Protein
9. Nucleic acid
10. In which cells is the accurate transmission of information most important?
11. Sex cells
12. Nerve cells
13. Which of the following is a nucleotide found in DNA?
14. Adenine, phosphate group, thymine
15. Deoxyribose, phosphate group, polymerase
16. Deoxyribose, phosphate group, cytosine
17. Because of base pairing in DNA, the percentage of
18. Adenine is equal to Guanine
19. Adenine is equal to Thymine
20. Adenine is equal to cytosine
21. Which scientists made x-ray diffraction photos of DNA?
22. Franklin
23. Chargaff
24. What is the chronological order of important discoveries in the structure of DNA?
25. Franklin  Chargaff  Watson and Crick
26. Franklin  Watson and Crick  Chargaff
27. Watson and Crick discovered the two strands of DNA run in
28. The same direction
29. Opposite directions
30. During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases GGATTCGA produces a strand with bases
31. CCUAAGCU
32. CCTAAGCT
33. Which enzyme adds complementary base pairs to DNA as replication occurs?
34. DNA polymerase
35. Nucleosomes
36. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in
37. The cytoplasm
38. The nucleus

RNA

1. How many types of RNA are there?
2. 1
3. 2
4. 3
5. Unlike DNA, RNA contains
6. Deoxyribose
7. Uracil
8. Thymine
9. T or F - RNA is usually double stranded
10. T or F – tRNA brings the information in the genetic code from the nucleus to other parts of the cell.
11. From which molecules are mRNA molecules transcribed?
12. Proteins
13. DNA
14. tRNA
15. What is produced during transcription?
16. RNA
17. Protein
18. What is produced in translation?
19. RNA
20. Protein
21. During eukaryotic transcription, an RNA molecules is formed that is
22. Complementary to one strand of DNA
23. Complementary to both strands of DNA
24. A promoter is a
25. Binding site for DNA polymerase
26. Binding site for RNA polymerase
27. During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide strand depends on the
28. Codon of mRNA and anticodon of rRNA
29. Codon of mRNA and the anticodon of tRNA
30. Genes contain instructions for assembling
31. Nucleosomes
32. Proteins
33. The correct sequence of the transfer of information in most organisms is
34. RNA – DNA – Proteins
35. DNA – RNA – Proteins
36. Your genetic code is always read ___ letter at at time.
37. 1
38. 2
39. 3

Evolution

1. Darwin noticed that many organisms seemed well suited to
2. Be preserved as fossils
3. Survive in the environments in which they lived
4. Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the Galapagos he wondered
5. If species living on different islands had once been members of the same species
6. If finches and tortoises had originated form the same ancestral species.
7. Darwin’s observation that finches of different species on the Galapogos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finches
8. Acquired traits through use and disuse
9. Descended from a common ancestor
10. Hutton and Lyell’s work was important to Darwin because these scientists
11. Explained volcanoes and earthquakes
12. Suggested that earth was old enough for evolution to have occurred.
13. Which is a major concept included in Lamarck’s evolutionary hypothesis?
14. Change is the result of survival of the fittest
15. Body structures can change according to the actions of the organism
16. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted to their environment. Their survival is due to the
17. Possession of adaptations developed through use
18. Possession of inherited adaptions that maximize fitness.
19. Each of the following is a condition necessary for natural selection to occur EXCEPT
20. More offspring are born than can survive
21. Population size is very large
22. Fitness varies among individuals
23. There is heritable variation among members of the population
24. Which statement is part of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection?
25. More offspring are produced than can possibly survive.
26. The organisms that are the fittest are always largest and strongest.
27. The number of offspring is not related to fitness
28. Acquired characteristics that are inherited are the cause of evolution
29. Biogeography is the study of
30. Where species and their ancestors live
31. How extinct species can be related to living species
32. How animals that live in the same areas are closely related
33. Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive vertebrate larvae. This similarity may suggest that primitive vertebrates
34. Share a common ancestor with sea stars
35. Evolved from sea stars
36. Molecular evidence in support of natural selection includes
37. The presence of vestigial structures
38. The nearly universal genetic code