Questions for final examination from
BIOLOGY (2015/2016)
Biology
1. Life – definition, philosophy and classification of life
2. Living systems – definition, characteristic, phylogenesis, taxons, methods of study
3. Origin of life – theories, chemical evolution, evolution of genetic information, eobiont stage
4. Non - cellular forms of life - prions, viroids, virusoids
5. Viruses – characteristic, stages of replication, gene expression in different viruses
6. Cell theory
7. Prokaryotic cell – characteristic, structure, examples
8. Bacteria – characteristic, cultivation and staining
9. Plasmids and conjugation
10. Eukaryotic cell – characteristic, structure, examples
11. Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
12. Nucleus - structure, function
13. Endoplasmic reticulum - structure, function
14. Golgi apparatus - structure, function
15. Secretion pathway
16. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles – function
17. Chloroplast - structure, function
18. Mitochondrion: structure, function.
19. Evolution of cells - endosymbiont theory
20. Water – function, osmosis
21. Proteins – monomer, conformation, denaturation
22. Proteins – function
23. Nucleic acid - monomer, conformation, denaturation, depolymeration
24. Nucleic acid - types of NA and their functions
25. Polysaccharides – monomer, function
26. Lipids – monomer, function
27. Cell membrane - structure and function, fluid mosaic model
28. Membrane proteins - types, function
29. Thickness of plasmatic membrane - cell cortex, glycocalyx, cell wall, extracellular matrix
30. Transport across membranes - simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, ion channels, active and passive transport
31. Sodium potassium pump and secondary active transport - principle, importance
32. Ca2+ pump - principle, importance
33. Proton pump and secondary active transport - principle, importance
34. Transport across membranes - endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor- mediated endocytosis, exocytosis
35. Vesicular transport - clatrine vesicles, SNARE proteins
36. Metabolism – anabolism, catabolism, enzymatic catalysis
37. Cellular respiration
38. Catabolism - digestion, glycolysis, acetyl CoA, Kreb´s cycle
39. Chemiosmosis in mitochondria - oxidative phosphorylation
40. Photosynthesis – light reaction, Calvin cycle
41. Chemiosmosis in chloroplast - photosynthetic phosphorylation
42. The cytoskeleton - structure and function
43. Microfilaments (actin filaments) - structure, function
44. Microtubules - structure, function
45. Movement - molecular motors, princip
46. Intracellular transport
47. Centrosome - structure, function
48. Flagellar and ciliary movement - principle
49. Amoeboid movement - principle
50. Muscle contraction – principle
51. Mitosis – cytoskeleton and molecular motors
52. Cell cycle - phases
53. Regulation of cell cycle – checkpoints, cyclin, cyclin-dependent protein kinases
54. Mitosis - phases, importance
55. Differentiations of cells - different levels, principle
56. Cell death – principle and differences
57. Cell signaling - signaling pathway, stages, types of signals
58. Cell signaling - forms of extracellular signaling, surface receptors
59. Cell signaling - G protein, activation of kinase A and kinase C
60. Cell signaling - activation of kinase CaM and proteinkinase III
61. Gene expression - central dogma
62. Transcription - phases and importance
63. Posttranscription modification of RNA
64. Translation - phases and importance
65. Ribosome - structure, chemical composition, function, eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosome, polysome, ribosome of mitochondria and chloroplast
66. Postranslation modification of proteins
67. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes – RNA interference, ubiquitination
Genetics
1. Genome and genomics - types of genomes, genome projects
2. Gene – characteristic, TATA box, ORF, promoter, enhancer
3. Gene – differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
4. Gene regulation of ontogenesis (homeobox genes)
5. DNA replication - steps, principle, difference in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
6. DNA replication - function of topoisomerase, DNA-helicase, DNA-polymerase, RNA primase, RNA nuclease, DNA-ligase
7. DNA replication - replication fork and its asymmetry, leading strand, lagging strand, Okazaki framents, replication bubble
8. Telomeres - description, telomerase, problem with aging
9. DNA replication and repair pathways - DNA mismatch repair, base excision repair, deamination, depurination, pyrimidine dimers
10. Transposition - transposons, retrotransposons
11. Microsatellites, minisatellites.
12. DNA cloning - polymerase chain reaction, principle and its importance
13. Gel electrophoresis – principle and its importance
14. DNA cloning – in bacteria, differences in genomic and cDNA libraries
15. DNA fingerprinting, RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorpism), hybridization - principle and importance
16. Sequencing of DNA – Sanger sequencing, principle and importance
17. GMO, DNA microchip technology
18. Chromosomes and chromatin – chemical composition, structure
19. Chromosomes – differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
20. Cytogenetics - examination of chromosomes, karyotypes, banding, FISH
21. Mutations - types
22. Numerical aberrations of chromosomes – euploidy, aneploidy, syndroms
23. Structural aberrations of chromosomes – examples, syndroms
24. Gene mutations - examples
25. Determination of sex in animals - examples, sex chromatin (Barr body), sex chromosomes X and Y
26. Genetics – characteristic, types
27. Clasical genetics (Mendelian inheritance) – characteristic, types, J.G. Mendel
28. Mendelian inheritance – explain terms: trait, phenotype, gene, allele, locus, P, F1, F2 and B1 generation, phenotype and genotype ratios
29. Mendelian principals (laws) and conditions
30. Qualitative and quantitative traits – differences, examples
31. Gene interaction - reciprocal interaction, dominant epistasis, recessive epistasis, inhibition
32. Gene interaction - complementarity, compensation
33. Gene interaction - duplicity noncumulative, duplicity cumulative with dominance, duplicity cumulative without dominance.
34. Genetic linkage - complete linkage, incomplete linkage, power of linkage, chromosome map
35. T.H.Morgan and Morgan laws
36. Sex-linked inheritance
37. Sex-limited, sex-controlled and sex-influenced inheritance
38. Meiosis – phases, recombination of gene information
39. Spermiogenesis and oogenesis – scheme, differences
40. Non-mendelian inheritance – characteristic, examples
41. Maternal inheritance, maternal effect – characteristic, examples
42. Infectious heredity, parental imprinting
43. Trinucleotide repeat disorders, complex (threshold) traits – characteristic, examples
44. Quantitative genetics – quantitative trait, polygenic inheritance, continual variability of phenotype, examples
45. Phenotype variability, heritability, statistical methods used for selection
46. Population genetics – definition and characteristic of population, genofond, allelic and genotype frequencies
47. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium – characteristic, conditions
48. HW equilibrium - types of reproduction and their effect on genetic structure of population
49. HW equilibrium - mutation, selection and their effect on genetic structure of population
50. HW equilibrium - genetic drift and gene flow (migration) and their effect on genetic structure of population
51. Practical applications of population genetics – genetic diseases, problems in small populations, study of evolution
52. Evolution and evolutionary theories
53. Darwinism and Lamarcism
54. Evolution and its mechanisms
55. Microevolution, macroevolution - coevolution, adaptive radiation, preadaptations
56. Species and speciation - anagenesis, cladogenesis, syngenesis, stasigenesis
Drawings
§ neuron
§ nucleus, ER, GA
§ mitochondria, chloroplast
§ ciliate with vacuoles
§ cross section of flegalla and cillia (structure 9+2)
§ sarcomere
§ G+ and G- bacteria
§ bacteriophage
§ starch grain
§ avian and mammal erytrocytes
§ types of leucocyte nuclei
§ mitotic spindle
§ phases of mitosis as observed in microscope
§ scheme of mitosis and meiosis
§ scheme of spermiogenesis and oogenesis
§ secundary, terciary and quaternary structure of protein
§ phylogenetic tree
§ membrane (model of fluid mosaic)
§ Na/K pump, Ca2+ pump, H+pump
§ endocytosi, exocytosis
§ clatrin vesicle
§ formula of photosynthesis and cell respiration
§ chemiosmotic coupling in mitochondria and chloroplasts
§ centrosome
§ scheme of activation of A kinasis, C kinasis, CaM kinasis, proteinkinasis
§ scheme of expression of gene information
§ gene in procaryotic and eucaryotic cell
§ ribozom, polysom
§ DNA, tRNA
§ Difference between denaturation and depolymeration of DNA
§ replication fork and replication bouble
§ karyotypes in differen animals
§ the basic genetic crossing
§ ratios in gene interactions
§ genetic linkage - cis and trans phase, complete and incomplete linkage
§ maternal effect
§ graph for qualitative, quantitative and complex trait
§ HW equilibrum - formula
§ Heritability- formula
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