Biochemistry Guided Notes

To be used with Biochemistry PowerPoint

Fill in the chart to describe the differences between organic and inorganic molecules:

Organic Molecules / Inorganic Molecules
Contains the elements: / Does not contain these elements at the same time:
The Key element of life: / Water:
Carbon can form these types of bonds: / Salts:
4 Organic Molecules:
1.
2.
3.
4. / Acids and Bases:

Carbohydrates

What do carbohydrates give us? ______

Carbohydrates are known as ______and ______(complex carbohydrates)

Carbohydrates contain these 3 elements: ______,

______, and ______,

In all carbohydrates the ______is in a 2:1 ratio to ______.

Most carbohydrates end with this prefix: ______.

Types of Carbohydrates - means ______sugar

  1. Monosaccharides: AKA ______

They all have the formula ______

They all have a single ring structure

What is an example of a monosaccharide? ______

2. Disaccharides: means ______

They all have the formula ______

What is an example of a disaccharide? ______& ______

Isomers have the same formula but different ____ structure.

3. Polysaccharides: means ______

What type of sugar are they? ______

Define the three examples of polysaccharides:

Glycogen: ______

Cellulose: ______

Starch: ______

How are complex carbohydrates(polysaccharides) formed?

Define Dehydration Synthesis:

Example:monosaccharide + monosaccharide  ______+ water

Write the molecular formula for this dehydration synthesis example.

C H O + C H O C H O + H O

+ Water

How are complex carbohydrates broken down?

Define Hydrolysis:

What is hydrolysis also called? ______

Example:

disaccharide + ______ ______+ ______

Write the molecular formula for this hydrolysis example.

C H O + H O C H O + C H O

Lipids

Lipids are also called ______

What are the four functions of lipids?1) ______

2) ______

3) ______

4)______

What are the three elements in lipids?1.______

2.______

3.______

Are the elements H:O in a 2:1 ratio like carbohydrates? ______

Three examples of lipids or fats are 1.______

2.______

3.______.

Lipids tend to be the largest of the organic molecules. They carry more energy then carbohydrates, but they are not utilized to make ATP during respiration like glucose because they are too difficult and too large to break down.

What are lipids composed of? ______and ______

What is the formula for making a lipid?

______+ ______ ______

What is the name of the process that makes lipids? ______

What is the name of the process that breaks down lipids? ______

Four Types of Lipids

1. This type of lipid comes from animals: ______

What type of fat is this? ______

Is it solid or liquid at room temperature? ______

Why is this type of fat a solid?

______

______

2. This type of lipid comes from plants: ______

What type of fat is this? ______

Is it a solid or liquid at room temperature? ______

This lipid is a liquid because it has

______in the Fatty Acid tail.

Example: ______

3. This type of lipid comes from

your ear or bees? ______

Examples: ______& ______

4. This final type of lipid is steroids.

Examples

1.

2.

3.

Proteins

What are the four elements found in proteins?

1. ______

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______

Where are proteins made? ______

Proteins are composed of sub units called______

How many amino acids are there? ______

What are the main functions of proteins? ______and______& ______

What do proteins usually end with? ______

What is an example?

1.______(blood)

2. ______breaks down glycogen

3. ______(speeds up chemical reactions)

What is the name of the process that makes proteins? ______

What is the name of the process that breaks down proteins? ______

What is the molecule formed from two amino acids?
______

What is the name of the molecule formed from three or more acids?
______

There are a large number of different types of proteins. The ______

______& ______of amino acids lead to this large variety.

Examples of proteins:

1. 5.

2. 6.

3. 7.

4.

ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS

Enzymes

Define catalyst:

What is an example of an organic catalyst? ______

What is an example of an inorganic catalyst? ______

Define enzyme:

Most enzymes end with: ______

Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions. What does this

mean? ______

Enzyme Terms

Define Active site:

Define Substrate:

Define Coenzyme:

What is an example of a coenzyme? ______

Factors That Limit Enzyme Action

1. The pH of the environment effects enzyme action. Different enzymes work at different pH's.

This enzyme works best at a pH of 2:
______

This enzyme works best at a pH of 6.8:
______

This enzyme works best at a pH of 6.8:
______
2. How does temperature effect enzyme action? ______

______

What is meant by the term optimum temperature? ______
______

What is the optimum temperature for humans? ______

What is the optimum temperature of dogs? ______

What is it called when temperatures get too high? ______

What happens to the shape of enzymes as they become denatured?
______
When enzymes become denatured can they function? ______

What is the temperature when enzymes become denatured? ______

General Trendvs. Denaturing

Why do we get a fever when we get sick? ______
______

Nucleic Acids-found in the chromosomes in

every nucleus of all cells

Define DNA: found in the ______of all cells.

DNA consists subunits called ______.

Nucleotides consists of:

1.

2.

3.

Define RNA:

RNA is found in ______
______& ______

1