Bio101 Midterm II Study Guide 3/28/14

A note about the course and how to study.

For the tests in my courses focus on being able to complete tasks/activities and solve problems. You will need to do some memorization, however, more important is being able to apply that knowledge. You should therefore practice any activities you have done as homework or in class. You are very likely to be asked to do these tasks again. Strict memorization of vocabulary will not allow you to succeed in this course.

This study guide is composed of two parts. The first part is composed of course objectives. Course objectives are things that you should be able to do as a consequence of taking this course. The second part consists of questions related to each of the chapters that you have read.

Part I: Course Objectives (midterm 2)

The course objectives are composed of three parts. 1 (bold) describes the learning objective, what you should be able to do. The second part provides a sample question illustrating the type of question/activity which would demonstrate that you have met that objective. The third part (italics) lists the relevant chapter or chapters in your text. As an additional aid, at the top of each section of the notes, I have placed the specific objectives addressed by that section of the notes.

What do you mean I am made of polymers?

  1. Identify the components/monomers of the four primary classes of chemical compounds found in living organisms.Identify the monomer of a given class of compound.Chapter 3
  2. Identify the process used to add and remove monomers from the four primary classes of chemical compounds found in living organisms.What role does water play in the synthesis and catalysis of carbohydrates ? Given the structure of two monomers, show how they would connect using dehydration synthesis.Chapter 3
  3. Identify the different roles for each of the four primary classes of chemical compounds found in living organisms.Given a function of a cell predict which class of compound is required to carry out that function. Also determine the possible consequences for the loss of a given class of chemical.Chapter 3
  4. Identify the different roles for enzymes in a living organism and the importance of structure on the role of enzymes.Predict the effect of a change in the pH on the function of a given cellular process.Chapter 3

What about Fats?

  1. Identify saturated and unsaturated fatty acidsbased upon their chemical structure. Given the chemical structure of a fatty acid identify it as a saturated or unsaturated fatty acidChapter 3
  2. Predict the properties of saturated and unsaturated fatsbased upon their structure. Given an triglyceride determine whether it is likely a solid or liquidChapter 3
  3. Distinguish betweentrans-fats and cis-fats. Draw a 6 carbon cis-fatty acid.Chapter 3
  4. Select a healthier food choicegiven information that allows you to determine the type of fats in a food. Given a food label or structure of a fatty acid select the healthier food option.Chapter 3.

How do cells use fats, carbohydrates and proteins?

  1. Identify the vital role thatATPplays in the cell and predict consequences from its loss. Given a cell, determine whether it requires ATP.Chapters 5, 6
  2. Predict whencellular respirationwould be reduced and connect to its role in the cell. Which organelle performs cellular respiration? Determine how the loss of cellular respiration would affect cell function.Chapter 6
  3. Predict whenphotosynthesiswould be reduced and connect to its role in the cell. Which organelle performs photosynthesis? Determine how the loss of photosynthesis would affect cell function.Chapter 7
  4. Predict theproducts produced by a fermenting organismgiven the environmental conditions and explain in terms of available reactants and energetic efficiency.Chapter 6
  5. Determine whether the conditions allow for the growth ofobligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and obligate aerobes.Chapter 6

How do cells respond to the environment?

  1. Use the role and components ofcell membranesto determine the effect of a change/loss in a component to a change/loss of function. What functions would be lost if a cell membrane had no proteins?Chapter 4, 5, 11
  2. Incorporate the processes of a cell into...
  3. Use theconnection of genes ⇒ traitto help construct diagrams and predict outcomes of change in a cell/organism. Given a gene, determine the effect of adding that gene to an existing genome, removing the gene, or altering the gene. (note: this will link with later objectives)Chapters 10, 11 and throughout
  4. Predict therole of cell organelles/componentsfor a given purpose. what effect would removal of a given cell component have on a given cellular function?chapter 4, 5, 6, 7
  5. Connect all the functions and organelles of a cell throughsignal transduction.Chapter 11 as well as others
  6. Build and test a signal transduction pathway.
  7. Do the results of an experiment (GFP or knockout) support or not support a model of signal transduction? How?
  8. Given a signal transduction model, design an experiment to test the model and provide results if the model is supported and if it is not supported. How?
  9. Track theprocess of protein synthesisand identify the steps (transcription and translation) -Draw the process of protein synthesis as part of signal transduction identifying the components and processes. chapter 10

Part II: Chapter questions(3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11)

Chapter 3. Biochemistry

  • How many covalent bonds do carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen usually make?
  • What is hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis? What biological compounds use these reactions?
  • What are polysaccharides made of? What do cells use them for?
  • Can you identify a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid? What trait do fats/lipids have that most other biological compounds don't have?
  • How do proteins shape and amino acids affect it's function? What role do hydrogen bonds have in the shape and reactivity of proteins?
  • What kind of bond holds the two strands of DNA together? What are the nucleotides in a DNA molecule? What are the nucleotides in RNA?

\

Chapter 4. Parts of the cell(also includes information from chapter 3)

  • What role do each of the cell components play in the cell? Be ready to predict the consequences if a cell component is missing or not working properly.
  • What role do the macromolecules (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates) play in each of the cell components.

Chapter 5.Enzymes and membranes

  • What role does ATP play in the cell?
  • What actions require ATP?
  • What are enzymes made out of?
  • What do enzymes do in the cell? What affects enzyme function (think back to the last midterm)?
  • What are membranes made out of?
  • What role do membranes play for the cell (see the chapter summary as well as thinking about signal transduction)

Chapter 6&7.Respiration and photosynthesis

  • What are the organelles involved in cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
  • What are the reactants and end products of cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
  • What cells do cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

Chapter 10.Molecular genetics: making proteins

  • What are the components of DNA and RNA?
  • What are the different types of RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA)?
  • How does DNA code for proteins? (process of transcription and translation)
  • How does the code for a protein move from DNA to the final protein?
  • What is the role of ribosomes?
  • What are the different types of proteins? (note: part of variation section. May not be included in this midterm)

Chapter 11.Molecular genetics: genetic control

  • What is the role of an promotor in transcription?
  • How does a cell respond to an environmental stimulus(signal transduction)?
  • What is the consequence of a malfunctioning signal transduction pathway?
  • We will discuss clones and molecular engineering later, so keep this in mind as you study this chapter.