Ph. D. Ekaterina S. Podolskaya, born in 1980, studied Cartography at Cartographic faculty, Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK) and obtained the degree «engineer-cartographer», speciality «digital cartography» with honors in 2002. Since September 2002 she is an assistant at the Chair of Cartography, Cartographic faculty MIIGAiK. Her primary research interests lie in map generalization, data quality assessment for map generalization, application of space images for the map creation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RUSSIAN SCIENTIFIC WORKS
ON MAP GENERALIZATION
Ekaterina S. Podolskaya
Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK), Chair of Cartography, Cartographic faculty, Moscow, Russia
ABSTRACT
One of the first Russian scientific works on map generalization has been executed at MIIGAiK in 1938 by A. G. Bustrov at his PhD Thesis. Drawing up of the bibliography represents reflection the dynamical process of continuous scientific researches. Today kinds of scientific publications are not limited only to articles on paper, there are a lot of publications in the Internet. The bibliography is also a step to finding-out new research opportunities in generalization. There are a new treatments of the term ‘generalization’ and a new directions in which the concept of generalization is used. In Russia realisation of ideas as a rule is presented in several scientific magazines, such as ‘Geodesy and Cartography’ and ‘News of High Schools. Series of Geodesy and Air Photography’, which are published without electronic versions and translations into English. In this paper considered works in a time interval since 40th years of XX century till 2005. Offered paper is useful to an establishment the contacts between Russian and foreign experts.
1. INTRODUCTION
Industrial and research developments on map generalization are actively conducted in the world. Bibliography of scientific works is always needed as a base because any scientific research cannot be undertaken without the information that is already reached on the given question. The main goal of this paper is to present a brief list of publications on map generalization in Russia.
A form, ways and aspects of bibliographic processing are various: using chronological, alphabetic, regular order; a full or selective list of the literature on given theme or a brief review of the works, etc. The bibliography represents activity which usually results in the creation of references manuals for various purposes. A good example of possible system is presented by Shamurin (1959) (http://www.hi-edu.ru/e-books/CB/t_06.htm). His bibliographic system included the following parameters: Purpose; maintenance and character of a material (general, special, branch, thematic); territory; publishing chronological scope (retrospective, current); bibliographic object; reader's orientation (mass or scientific audience); links to a primary source (initial, secondary, etc); completeness and principle of selection, and methods of materials processing.
2. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL EXPERIENCE IN THE FIELD OF MAP GENERALIZATION
We have found some bibliographic references on a theme of map generalization in Nikolay N. Baranskiy's work (1946). He was a Russian economist - geographer, member - correspondent of the Academy of sciences, a person, who promoted the population geography as a science.
It is necessary to named rewiews by Salischev K. A. ‘Generalization in its history and its modern development’ (1972), Martunenko A. I. ‘Automation in map creation and using’ (1988). Florinskiy I. V. (1991) in his short overview given some interesting references concerning topographic and tematic map generalization.
An attention to map generalization is given in the national bibliography of scientific and technical literature on cartography (written by Komedchikov, Lutuy, Narskih, 1996-1997). It contains systematized on subjects and an alphabet references on mapping the natural phenomena, published in the USSR for last 25 years since 1959 to 1983 in all USSR-languages and in foreign languages. It was collected in the Laboratory of cartography at the Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Science.
3. EXAMPLES OF INDUSTRIAL AND SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS
Development of of the automated generalization’s technology according to the decosions of Roskartography for scales from 1:50 000 to 1:100 000, and also from 1:100 000 to scale 1:200 000 is conducted at the Scientific Centre SIBGEOINFORM in Novosibirsk (http://www.sibgi.ru/services/gen_big.htm and http://www.sibgi.ru/services/gen_litle.htm).
Some dissertations on a theme of an automated map generalization have been wrote for last 15 years in Russia. Among them there are works executed at Lomonosov Moscow State University (1996), Altay State University (2001) and Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (2003). These works continue traditions of scientific schools in Russian universities (choice of a research object, map scale and others features):
· Sobchuk T. V. (Lomonosov Moscow State University): ‘Linear elements generalization of a geographical map basis using fractal parameters’;
· Lavrov E. I. (Altay State University): ‘GIS technology development of automated generalization for a hydrographic linear objects’;
· Wu Suan Kuong (Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography): ’GIS generalization technology of hydrographic and road systems on Vietnam topographical maps’. More information (in Russian) can be found on www.gpntb.ru.
4. SCIENTIFIC MAGAZINS CONTAINING PUBLICATIONS ON MAP GENERALIZATION
The basic magazines in which results of researches on map generalization are published are ‘Geodesy and Cartography’ and ‘News of High School. Series of Geodesy and Air Photography’. ‘Geodesy and Cartography’ is a monthly magazine and it is issued since 1925. It is the official publication of Federal service of a Geodesy and Cartography of Russia and geodetic services of the countries CIS. The magazine covers the basic development of a geodetic and cartographical science and practice, informs about a new books and cartographical editions. Messages from scientific conferences and symposiums are also published. Magazine ‘News of High School. Series of Geodesy and Air Photography’ is published six times a year and is issued since 1957. The structure of magazine contains the following sections: Astronomy, gravimetry and a space geodesy, air photography and photogrammetry, cartography, geodetic instrument making and remote sensing. Both magazines are included in the list of conducting reviewed scientific magazines and editions in which should be published scientific results of dissertations according to the requirements of the Russian Supreme Certifying commission.
Except for the listed magazines, modern applied questions of generalization in GIS are considered in papers from a magazine ‘Information technologies’ (http://www.informika.ru/text/magaz/it/), one of the Russian periodic scientific and technical editions. It is devoted such themes as automated systems and computer science and their applications. New directions of the term ‘generalization’ which use generalization concept are considered in this magazine.
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH
List of works on a map generalization theme demands the significant volume exceeding frameworks of given paper. All interested readers can get acquainted with sources which we have arranged in section References, there the initial and secondary bibliography is presented.
The geography of works within the Russia covers Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Taganrog, Barnaul, etc. It should be noted (and it is typical for Russia) that new aspects of map generalization are investigated not only in the center of Russia, but also in large Universities in Siberia, being at the same time the science centers. The question of active using of English in the search of Russian literature on map generalization is actual, as well as questions of search on other cartographical themes.
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