1. Hegel felt that the relationship between slave and master was dialectic. This means:
a.each is dependent on the other.
b.the slave has more power over the master than vice versa.
c.the relationship is short-lived.
d.the relationship can evolve into an intimate one.
2. Which standard of equality is most concerned with the distribution of resources?
a.equality of opportunityb.ontological equality
c.equality of outcomed.equality of condition
3.What term refers to the notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of God?
a.ontological equalityb.equality of opportunity
c.godly equalityd.equality of condition
4.The game of Monopoly follows the rules of what standard of equality?
a.ontological equalityb.equality of opportunity
c.equality under Godd.equality of condition
5. A system in which advancement is based on individual achievement or ability is referred to as:
a.meritocratic.b.opportunistic.
c.individualistic.d.entrepreneurial.
6.Let’s say you are best at building with your hands and you become a carpenter working for a local building contractor. A friend of yours is very good at programming computers, so he/she works at IBM. Yet another friend excels at science so he/she goes to medical school and becomes a physician. Each of you is paid the exact same salary and each of you lives in the same neighborhood and drives the same type of car. What standard of equality would this be an example of?
a.equality of opportunityb.ontological equality
c.equality of conditiond.equality of outcome
7. The examination of how race and ethnicity affect income is really an examination of:
a.stratification.
b.segregation.
c.levels of wealth.
d.elitism.
8. How does the United States justify its type of stratification system?
a.The class a person is in has nothing to do with ability; one is born into it.
b.A person is in complete control over the class he or she is in. Hard work (or lack of it) determines class.
c.One’s relatives are responsible for one’s social class.
d.Luck determines class.
9. Which group exploits the working class by taking more of the value of the work of laborers than they repay in wages?
a.bourgeoisieb.proletariatc.elitesd.hierarchy class
10.Professionals, small business owners, and craftsmen are referred to as:
a.petit bourgeoisie.b.proletariats.
c.lumpenproletariats.d.middlemen.
11. Mills argues that there are three major institutional forces in modern American society in which the power of decision making has become centralized. Which of the following is NOT one of these forces?
a.economic institutionsb.social/anthropological order
c.political orderd.military order
12. What term refers to everything you own minus debts such as a mortgage on your home and credit card debt?
a.incomeb.wealthc.investmentsd.stocks
13. The upper class is composed primarily of CEOs, government officials, celebrities, and very successful professionals. What percentage of the population does this represent?
a.1%b.10%c.25%d.50%
14. What American job sector has greatly increased since the oil crisis of 1973?
a.unionized jobs
b.pink-collar office work
c.factory work
d.low-wage service work
15. Opponents of the estate tax have portrayed farmers as being hurt the most by the estate tax, causing them to lose their family farms. In reality:
a.this is true; most small family farms have now been lost to large corporations.
b.this is true; most small family farms have been lost to the government.
c.this is not true; the majority of family farms are far below the estate tax threshold and are not affected by the tax.
d.this is true for small farms only, not large farms valued over $500,000.
16. According to Judith Lorber, differences between the sexes are not easy to explain because gender isn’t natural, but rather is:
a.psychological.b.emotional.
c.a social institution.d.biological.
17.The study of gender is basically the study of how two spheres shape each other. What are the two spheres?
a.biology and sexb.sex and gender
c.nature and nurtured.emotion and biology
18. The basic idea behind feminism is that women and men should be:
a.treated differently according to their gender.
b.given opportunities according to their sex.
c.accorded equal opportunities and respect.
d.treated as individuals.
19. Under the sex/gender system, men universally perform the kinds of tasks:
a.that require more strength.
b.that are accorded higher value than those done by women.
c.that require more intelligence.d.that require more education.
20. Michael Kimmel found that in the eighteenth century, the ideal man was very different than the modern-day ideal man. The ideal man in the 1700s was:
a.a heavy drinker who had a reputation for wooing the ladies.
b.strong, boorish, and muscled.
c.physically fit, interested in sports, and focused on his business ventures.
d.a quiet and “nerdy” intellectual who enjoyed writing poetry.
21. Hegemonic masculinity can best be described as:
a.the dominant definition of the “ideal man” in contemporary society.
b.the ways in which the dominant culture treats and reacts to men at any point in time.
c.the dominant, privileged, and often invisible category of men at any point in history.
d.the image of man that is fixed and resistant to change.
22. Although race has no deterministic, biological basis, it still:
a.influences heredity.b.has important social influence.
c.has genetic importance.d.has physical importance.
23.When the term race comes up in America today, we usually think in two colors:
a.black and brownb.black and white
c.red and blackd.brown and white
24.The concept of race:
a.has changed over time.b.is biological.
c.is stable and constant.d.all of the above.
25. In ancient Egypt, physical markers were linked to:
a.status.b.geography.c.genes.d.ethnicity.
26.Hippocrates believed that physical markers such as skin color were the result of:
a.genetics.b.social status.
c.different environmental factors.d.geography.
27.Based on measurements of skull bumps, Blumenbach came up with five principal varieties of:
a.humans.b.intelligence.
c.athletic ability.d.ethnicity.
28. Because the German Nazis could not find a reliable marker to identify Jews, the Jews were forced to:
a.wear a yellow Star of David.
b.identify themselves as Jewish immediately in conversation.
c.use their birth names.d.live in certain parts of the country.
29.The one-drop rule asserts that just “one drop” of black blood makes:
a.a person biracial.b.a person black.
c.a person more criminal.d.a person less intelligent.
30. The genetic variation that corresponds with geographic origins is much ______than people commonly believe.
a.more randomb.more importantc.lessd.more
31. What is the group that displays no physical distinctions from Japanese citizens but is believed by the Japanese to be a descendant of a less-human race than the Japanese nation as a whole?
a.Malayansb.Burakuminc.Filipinosd.Chinese
32. Aristotle’s principle of civic association was that the true test of a person’s worth was in what they did, not who they were. All people were included in this except:
a.brown-skinned people.b.women.
c.whites.d.nonwhites.
33. An 1851 excerpt from Harper’s Weekly magazine describes a certain racial group as law-breaking, idle, thriftless, poor, and barbarian. What group is this excerpt describing?
a.Irishb.African Americansc.Italiansd.Jews
34.What term refers to the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits?
a.blackismb.racismc.whitismd. ethnism
35. Some European Christians and scientists interpreted the curse Noah put on his son Ham to mean that Ham:
a.was the original black man.b.was no longer going to be king.
c.never had descendants.d.was perverted.
36.In the nineteenth century, theories of race moved from religious-based racism to:
a.neo-racism.b.modern racism.
c.scientific racism.d.biological racism.
37.The General Social Survey asked respondents why, on average, African Americans have worse jobs, income, and housing than white people. Nearly half of the respondents believed that blacks:
a.have been socially repressed.
b.don’t have the motivation to pull themselves out of poverty.
c.have less inborn abilities to learn.d.prefer to live that way.
38. Ontological equality is the notion that:
a.God made stratification among people.b.whites are the dominant group.
c.lighter skin is superior to darker skin.d. all people are created equal under God.
39. Your text defines poverty as a condition of deprivation due to:
a.economic circumstances. b.social circumstances.
c.structural circumstances.d.all of the above.
40. Which nation has one of the highest poverty rates in the advanced world?
a.The United Statesb.Great Britain
c.Canadad.France
41. Welfare hinders work because:
a.of time spent following bureaucratic rules.
b.mothers have to take care of children and the home.
c.of trying to keep appointments to get food stamps.
d.of all of the above.
42.A lot of people who are eligible for food stamps in the United States don’t apply for them. Why?
a.They can’t get to the Department of Social Services due to lack of transportation.
b.They would prefer to diet.
c.Since most people live in multigenerational homes, they don’t see the need.
d.They prefer to steal food.
43. The major historical transition from small-scale artisan labor to the Industrial Revolution was mainly due to:
a.an increase in rural populations.
b.development of new technologies.
c.new transportation methods, like airplanes.
d.an increase in family size, creating more workers for factories.
44. What happened to many serfs as a result of the enclosure movement?
a.Their daily lives were more closely monitored.b. They were evicted.
c.They had more land to use for grazing and planting.d. They had to pay more rent.
45. Monetization refers to:
a.an economic system in which property and goods are owned privately.
b.an economic system characterized by the presence of royalty.
c.the establishment of a widely accepted currency for exchange.
d.a system of payment based on products produced, not hours worked.
46. Adam Smith showed how specialization and division of labor lead to greater productivity with the example of:
a.a pin factory.b.a garden.c.his own home.d.a toy factory.
47. Marx described workers as being alienated from:
a.the process of production.b.other people.
c.themselves.d.all of the above.
48. Which theorist claimed that modern capitalism would not have arisen without the Protestant Reformation, which created the necessary social conditions for capitalism by creating theological insecurity and instilling a doctrine of predestination?
a.Karl Marxb. Georg Simmelc. Adam Smithd. Max Weber
49. Henry Ford was heralded for his generosity and genius when he created a new type of wage system whereby male workers were paid sufficient wages to support a dependent wife and children. What term refers to this type of payment?
a.salaryb.honorarium
c.hourly waged.family wage
50. According to sociologists Jerry Jacobs and Kathleen Gerson, because workers want to advance in their careers, many avoid taking full advantage of:
a.health insurance benefits.b.paternity leave.
c.vacation time.d.family-friendly office policies.
Extra Credit: 1 point each
51. Multilateral trade agreements:
a.are agreements between two nation-states.
b.are a result of negotiations among multiple players that encourage business at a regional or worldwide level.
c.are between states, but not between nations.
d.act as regulatory authority for trade between the United States and Canada.
52.The increasing divide between the haves and the have-nots is referred to as:
a.globalization.b.the global divide.
c.champagne-glass distribution.d.the elite class.
53.Which term refers to legally recognized persons who share many of the rights of an individual as well as act as legal entities by entering into contracts or owning property?
a.monetizationb.socialism
c.communismd.corporation
54.In the early days of the new monetary system, stockholders were more willing to invest in corporations because of ______, which limits their financial liability to whatever they invested in the company.
a.payment per unitb.limited liability
c.champagne-glass distributiond.political arbitrage
55. In the United States, corporations share many of the same rights as individuals except corporations:
a.can’t own property.b.can’t enter into contracts.
c.can’t vote.d.can’t be sued.
56. How do rulers prove their authority?
a.by overthrowing the current government
b.by building up the largest army
c.by persuading subordinates that their claim to power is valid
d.by establishing their own government system
57. A person who is always the center of attention and comfortable with being a leader probably has what kind of authority?
a.charismaticb.spiritualc. supernaturald. natural
58. Most modern societies would be classified as having which type of authority?
a.rationalb.legal-rational
c.authoritatived.supreme ruler
59. The Milgram experiment helped explain the actions of Nazis during the Holocaust because it showed that people:
a.would obey authority figures without hesitation.
b.reacted differently to chaos.
c.reacted the same way to feeling threatened.
d.previously had committed war crimes like the Holocaust.
60. What term refers to the ability to carry out one’s own will despite resistance?
a.domination
b.control
c.authority
d.power