S4. Full multivariate phylogenetic GLS models of male melanization and melanin dichromatism in relation to T levels and sexual and paternal behaviors
(a) All species
r (CI) / P / r (CI) / P / r (CI) / P / r (CI) / P / r (CI) / P
Male melanization:
T at molt / -0.04 (-0.25, 0.17) / 0.756 / -0.13 (-0.60, 0.41) / 0.686 / 0.84 (0.39, 0.97) / 0.037 / 0.87 (0.43, 0.98) / 0.024 / 0.03 (-0.37, 0.41) / 0.866
polygyny / 0.27 (0.06, 0.45) / 0.014 / 0.82 (0.52, 0.94) / 0.001 / 0.001 (-0.67, 0.66) / 0.997 / 0.34 (-0.06, 0.64) / 0.118
incubation / -0.08 (-0.29, 0.13) / 0.408 / -0.52 (-0.82, -0.01) / 0.083 / -0.55 (-0.89, 0.18) / 0.260 / 0.06 (-0.34, 0.43) / 0.828
feeding / 0.83 (0.31, 0.97) / 0.039 / 0.19 (-0.21, 0.54) / 0.383
latitude / 0.001 (-0.21, 0.21) / 0.544 / 0.26 (-0.29, 0.68) / 0.421 / 0.81 (0.30, 0.96) / 0.053 / 0.58 (-0.22, 0.91) / 0.231 / 0.11 (-0.29, 0.48) / 0.583
Melanin dichromatism:
T at molt / -0.03 (-0.23, 0.18) / 0.849 / 0.12 (-0.42, 0.60) / 0.710 / 0.69 (0.05, 0.93) / 0.128 / 0.82 (0.27, 0.97) / 0.046 / 0.10 (-0.30, 0.47) / 0.865
polygyny / 0.41 (0.22, 0.57) / <0.001 / 0.86 (0.62, 0.95) / <0.001 / 0.13 (-0.58, 0.73) / 0.267 / 0.24 (-0.16, 0.57) / 0.290
incubation / -0.19 (-0.39, 0.01) / 0.066 / -0.41 (-0.76, 0.13) / 0.189 / 0.08 (-0.62, 0.71) / 0.157 / -0.11 (-0.48, 0.29) / 0.596
feeding / 0.38 (-0.44, 0.86) / 0.456 / 0.04 (-0.35, 0.42) / 0.878
latitude / 0.10 (-0.11, 0.31) / 0.343 / 0.21 (-0.34, 0.65) / 0.513 / 0.46 (-0.29, 0.86) / 0.353 / -0.10 (-0.75, 0.65) / 0.850 / 0.03 (-0.37, 0.41) / 0.919
(b) Excluding all-black species
All taxa (n = 80) / Basal lineage (n = 12) / Corvida (n = 7) / Passeroidea (n = 24)r (CI) / P / r (CI) / P / r (CI) / P / r (CI) / P
Male melanization:
T at molt / 0.11 (-0.12, 0.32) / 0.240 / 0.12 (-0.49, 0.65) / 0.758 / 0.86 (0.30, 0.98) / 0.061 / 0.33 (-0.10, 0.65) / 0.195
polygyny / 0.07 (-0.16, 0.28) / 0.729 / 0.28 (-0.35, 0.74) / 0.460 / 0.07 (-0.35, 0.47) / 0.961
incubation / -0.14 (-0.35, 0.09) / 0.183 / -0.43 (-0.81, 0.19) / 0.247 / 0.05 (-0.37, 0.45) / 0.917
feeding / 0.43 (-0.48, 0.89) / 0.467 / 0.09 (-0.33, 0.49) / 0.942
latitude / -0.01 (-0.23, 0.21) / 0.911 / 0.60 (0.05, 0.87) / 0.085 / 0.25 (-0.62, 0.84) / 0.689 / 0.21 (-0.22, 0.57) / 0.609
Melanin dichromatism:
T at molt / 0.18 (-0.04, 0.39) / 0.065 / 0.14 (-0.47, 0.66) / 0.710 / 0.89 (0.42, 0.98) / 0.043 / 0.42 (0.00, 0.71) / 0.173
polygyny / -0.05 (-0.26, 0.17) / 0.621 / 0.22 (-0.40, 0.71) / 0.568 / 0.16 (-0.27, 0.54) / 0.660
incubation / -0.34 (-0.52, -0.13) / 0.002 / -0.28 (-0.74, 0.35) / 0.463 / -0.05 (-0.45, 0.37) / 0.740
feeding / 0.68 (-0.15, 0.95) / 0.208 / 0.09 (-0.33, 0.49) / 0.951
latitude / 0.08 (-0.14, 0.29) / 0.632 / 0.35 (-0.28, 0.77) / 0.352 / 0.33 (-0.56, 0.87) / 0.587 / 0.03 (-0.39, 0.43) / 0.862
95 % confidence intervals (CI; lower and upper bound) for correlation effect sizes (r) are given for the initial phylogenetic GLS models including all confounding variables. Taxa with presumably androgen-dependent plumage dichromatism are marked bold. Note that our dataset does not contain all-black Charadriiformes.