Armeria Caespitosa

Appendixes

Table S1. Summary of phenological traits and fitnesscomponents of Silene ciliata and Armeria caespitosa in Sierra de Guadarrama, Madrid.Mean population values (± SD); minimum and maximum values are given in parentheses. Flowering onset is specified as calendar date ± number of days and flowering duration as number of days.Approximate dates of snowmelt at each population were estimated from landscape digital images (see text).

Silene ciliata

2002 / 2003
Altitude / Low
(1976m) / Medium
(2256m) / High
(2428 m) / Low
(1976m) / Medium
(2256m) / High
(2428 m)
Snowmelt date / 13 May / 21 May / 28 May / 19 April / 28 April / 9 May
Onset / 28 Jul ± 12d
(30 Jun-31 Aug) / 5 Aug ± 12d
(20 Jul-13 Sep) / 15 Aug ± 11d
(20 Jul-21 Sep) / 11 Jul ± 9d
(30 Jun-4 Aug) / 16 Jul ± 11d
(30 Jun-25 Aug) / 24 Jul ± 11d
(2 Jul-19 Aug)
Duration / 10.40 ± 10.45
(1-57) / 13.08 ± 13.58
(1-57) / 19.02 ± 15.00
(1-66) / 7.32 ± 9.07
(1-42) / 9.18 ± 9.71
(1-56) / 11.11 ± 9.71
(1-47)
w’1 / 1 ± 0.1
(0.52-1.05) / 1 ± 0.09
(0.52-1.04) / 1 ± 0.07
(0.52-1.03) / 1 ± 0.20
(0.56-1.12) / 1 ± 0.10
(0.52-1.04) / 1 ± 0.02
(0.85-1)
w’2 / 1.01 ± 0.96
(0-2.72) / 1.01 ± 1.36
(0-4.21) / 1.01 ± 1.03
(0-3.31) / 1.15 ± 1.48
(0-4.26) / 1.01 ± 1.04
(0-2.71) / 1 ± 0.89
(0-2.53)
w’3 / 1.02 ± 0.20
(0.57-1.15) / 1 ± 0.17
(0.54-1.07) / 1.01 ± 0.09
(0.52-1.04) / 1 ± 0.22
(0.37-1.12) / 1 ± 0.09
(0.52-1.03) / 1 ± 0.09
(0.51-1.03)
Flowers / 6.48 ± 6.59
(1-40) / 5.56 ± 4.87
(1-34) / 13.73 ± 12.98
(1-83) / 4.79 ± 4.57
(1-20) / 5.62 ± 5.07
(1-39) / 9.99 ± 9.72
(1-61)
Fruits
(fitness) / 2.56 ± 3.84
(0-21) / 1.02 ± 1.70
(0-14) / 3.55 ± 4.55
(0-31) / 1.24 ± 2.38
(0-11) / 1.87 ± 2.39
(0-11) / 3.24 ± 3.52
(0-17)

Armeria caespitosa

2004 / 2005
Altitude / Low / High / Low / High
Microhab. / Rock / Pasture / Rock / Pasture / Rock / Pasture / Rock / Pasture
(1750m) / (2000m) / (2365m) / (2365m) / (1750m) / (2000m) / (2365m) / (2365m)
Snowmelt date / 05-may / 15-may / 25-may / 25-may / 25 March / 5 April / 10 April / 10 April
Onset / 23 May ± 8d / 24 May ± 4d / 16 Jun ± 9d / 7 Jun ± 4d / 12 May ± 6d / 15 May ± 4d / 3 Jun ± 4d / 25 May ± 3d
(13 May-3 Jun) / (21 May-8 Jun) / (2 Jun-1 Jul) / (2 Jun-18 Jun) / (6 May-28 May) / (6 May-24 May) / (27 May-23 Jun) / (21 May-7 Jun)
Duration / 16.02 ± 9.74 / 9.37 ± 4.98 / 11.63 ± 6.88 / 8.47 ± 5.73 / 15.50 ± 5.05 / 11.48 ± 4.82 / 12.82 ± 5.35 / 12.80 ± 4.07
(1-47) / (1-19) / (1-28) / (1-21) / (4-32) / (0-18) / (1-26) / (1-19)
w’1 / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
w’2 / 1 ± 0.85 / 1 ± 0.35 / 1 ± 0.40 / 1 ± 0.31 / 1 ± 0.64 / 1 ± 0.61 / 1.02 ± 0.73 / 1.01 ± 0.52
(0-3.09) / (0-1.73) / (0-1.75) / (0.24-1.58) / (0-2.40) / (0-2.53) / (0-2.99) / (0-2.88)
w’3 / 1 ± 0.16 / 1 ± 0.80 / 1 ± 0.03 / 1 ± 0.01 / 1 ± 0.05 / 1 ± 0.13 / 1 ± 0.13 / 1 ± 0.08
(0-1.03) / (0-2.99) / (0.81-1.01) / (0.95-1.00) / (0.67-1.01) / (0.16-1.03) / (0-1.02) / (0.54-1.03)
Flowers / 70.82 ± 79.46 / 31.72 ± 29.10 / 121.5 ± 153.11 / 60.04 ± 44.98 / 148.69 ± 201.23 / 39.55 ± 36.59 / 146.23 ± 198.18 / 51.25 ± 49.23
(1-426) / (5-141) / (1-747) / (2-260) / (6-1040) / (2-217) / (1-1091) / (1-208)
Fruits / 18.51 ± 24.70 / 6.75 ± 8.68 / 70.20 ± 93.97 / 35.48 ± 26.46 / 34.74 ± 48.57 / 17.53 ± 19.21 / 48.49 ± 77.72 / 18.26 ± 19.40
(fitness) / (0-105) / (0-41) / (0-422) / (2-131) / (0-284) / (0-100) / (0-452) / (0-95)

Table S2.Summary of the goodness-of-fit tests (2) and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) of the saturated and nested models. Those paths reaching the highest p-values in the previous models were constrained to zero. Paths constrained to zero in model 2: w'1Fitness; Onset w'1; Onsetw'3. In model 3: Those included in model 2 and Flower number w'3; w'3Fitness, Duration w'1. In model 4: Those included in model 3 and Duration w'3, Flower number w'1. *Note that the partial fitness component w'1 does not exist in Armeria models. **Model with flower and fruit predation completely excluded.

Model 1 (Saturated) / Model 2 (Nested) / Model 3 (Nested) / Model 4 (Nested)**
Silene ciliata / 2 / df / p / AIC / 2 / df / p / AIC / 2 / df / p / AIC / 2 / df / p / AIC
2002 / Low / 11.65 / 5 / 0.040 / 57.65 / 18.45 / 8 / 0.018 / 58.45 / 25.58 / 11 / 0.007 / 59.58 / 4.89 / 2 / 0.087 / 30.89
Medium / 6.18 / 5 / 0.289 / 52.18 / 8.42 / 8 / 0.393 / 48.42 / 10.67 / 11 / 0.475 / 44.63 / 5.62 / 2 / 0.060 / 31.62
High / 7.77 / 5 / 0.169 / 53.78 / 10.18 / 8 / 0.252 / 50.18 / 12.51 / 11 / 0.327 / 46.51 / 0.29 / 2 / 0.864 / 26.29
2003 / Low / 4.01 / 5 / 0.548 / 50.01 / 6.40 / 8 / 0.602 / 46.40 / 11.25 / 11 / 0.422 / 45.25 / 0.92 / 2 / 0.632 / 26.92
Medium / 15.55 / 5 / 0.008 / 61.55 / 17.25 / 8 / 0.028 / 57.25 / 18.72 / 11 / 0.066 / 52.72 / 13.57 / 2 / 0.001 / 39.57
High / 8.17 / 5 / 0.147 / 54.17 / 11.96 / 8 / 0.153 / 51.96 / 12.06 / 11 / 0.358 / 46.08 / 6.35 / 2 / 0.042 / 32.35
Armeria caespitosa*
2004 / Low/Rock / 4.10 / 3 / 0.251 / 40.10 / 4.11 / 4 / 0.392 / 38.11 / 4.78 / 6 / 0.573 / 34.78 / 1.26 / 2 / 0.533 / 27.26
Low/Pasture / 7.71 / 3 / 0.053 / 43.71 / 8.54 / 4 / 0.074 / 42.54 / 29.47 / 6 / 0.000 / 59.47 / 14.83 / 2 / 0.001 / 40.83
High/Rock / 11.39 / 3 / 0.010 / 47.39 / 11.52 / 4 / 0.021 / 45.52 / 12.01 / 6 / 0.062 / 42.01 / 1.75 / 2 / 0.418 / 27.75
High/Pasture / -1.35 / 3 / 0.719 / 37.35 / 2.14 / 4 / 0.711 / 36.14 / 9.57 / 6 / 0.144 / 39.57 / 0.42 / 2 / 0.809 / 26.42
2005 / Low/Rock / 2.36 / 3 / 0.501 / 38.36 / 3.52 / 4 / 0.474 / 37.52 / 4.04 / 6 / 0.672 / 34.04 / 2.04 / 2 / 0.360 / 28.04
Low/Pasture / 0.57 / 3 / 0.903 / 36.57 / 3.31 / 4 / 0.507 / 37.31 / 9.69 / 6 / 0.138 / 39.69 / 0.15 / 2 / 0.929 / 26.15
High/Rock / 1.73 / 3 / 0.631 / 37.73 / 2.08 / 4 / 0.721 / 36.08 / 2.66 / 6 / 0.850 / 32.66 / 1.16 / 2 / 0.561 / 27.16
High/Pasture / 7.45 / 3 / 0.059 / 43.45 / 8.98 / 4 / 0.062 / 42.98 / 8.99 / 6 / 0.174 / 38.99 / 5.45 / 2 / 0.066 / 31.45

Table S3. Phenotypic correlations between phenological traits and fitness components in Silene ciliata and Armeria caespitosa (*p<0.05, **p<0.01).

Silene ciliata

Altitude / onset / duration / w’1 / w’2 / w’3 / flowers / fruits
Low / onset / -0.607** / 0.177 / 0.188 / 0.211 / -0.372** / -0.200*
duration / -0.127 / -0.118 / 0.060 / -0.004 / 0.511** / 0.378**
w’1 / -0.292* / 0.065 / 0.205* / -0.038 / -0.183 / -0.020
w’2 / -0.087 / 0.062 / 0.179 / -0.043 / 0.068 / 0.469**
w’3 / -0.182 / -0.076 / -0.143 / -0.138 / 0.011 / 0.044
flowers / -0.196 / 0.554** / 0.231 / -0.006 / 0.199 / 0.821**
fruits / -0.145 / 0.396** / 0.230 / 0.548** / 0.030 / 0.643**
Medium / onset / -0.344** / 0.075 / 0.159 / 0.070 / -0.396** / -0.160
duration / -0.142 / -0.165 / -0.103 / 0.038 / 0.443** / 0.296**
w’1 / -0.113 / -0.092 / 0.142 / -0.067 / -0.124 / 0.009
w’2 / -0.100 / -0.046 / 0.065 / 0.079 / -0.199* / 0.486**
w’3 / -0.056 / -0.308** / 0.104 / 0.014 / -0.118 / 0.064
flowers / 0.009 / 0.466** / -0.085 / -0.109 / -0.313** / 0.516**
fruits / -0.029 / 0.371** / -0.007 / 0.565** / -0.297** / 0.601**
High / onset / -0.364** / 0.012 / 0.033 / -0.049 / -0.363** / -0.223**
duration / 0.125 / -0.156 / -0.145 / -0.068 / 0.634** / 0.359**
w’1 / -0.097 / -0.145 / 0.202* / -0.119 / -0.275** / -0.018
w’2 / 0.282** / -0.030 / 0.064 / 0.053 / -0.156 / 0.381**
w’3 / -0.072 / 0.131 / -0.061 / 0.019 / -0.013 / -0.021
flowers / -0.001 / 0.531** / -0.149 / -0.210* / 0.073 / 0.670**
fruits / 0.127 / 0.415** / -0.044 / 0.497** / 0.060 / 0.432**

Above diagonal, year 2002. Below diagonal, year 2003.

Armeria caespitosa

Altitude / Microhab. / onset / duration / w’2 / w’3 / flowers / fruits
Low / Rock / onset / -0.766** / 0.137 / -0.082 / -0.367** / -0.214
duration / -0.632** / -0.167 / 0.089 / 0.422** / 0.183
w’2 / -0.027 / -0.031 / 0.219 / -0.051 / 0.433**
w’3 / -0.310 / 0.242 / 0.094 / 0.124 / 0.155
flowers / -0.232 / 0.545** / -0.155 / 0.084 / 0.692**
fruits / -0.228 / 0.448** / 0.198 / 0.101 / 0.882**
Pasture / onset / -0.640** / 0.172 / -0.237* / -0.122 / -0.100
duration / -0.470** / -0.120 / 0.430** / 0.397** / 0.480**
w’2 / 0.014 / 0.069 / 0.007 / -0.025 / 0.240*
w’3 / 0.284* / -0.193 / 0.072 / 0.106 / 0.494**
flowers / -0.294* / 0.255* / 0.270* / -0.021 / 0.721**
fruits / -0.235 / 0.219 / 0.528** / 0.120 / 0.905**
High / Rock / onset / -0.791** / 0.351** / -0.156 / 0.047 / 0.123
duration / -0.128 / -0.303** / 0.161 / 0.193 / 0.100
w’2 / -0.230* / 0.006 / 0.265* / 0.031 / 0.214*
w’3 / -0.079 / 0.044 / 0.089 / 0.030 / 0.060
flowers / -0.045 / 0.473** / 0.020 / 0.107 / 0.955**
fruits / -0.063 / 0.388** / 0.300** / 0.112 / 0.879**
Pasture / onset / 0.043 / -0.223* / -0.091 / 0.004 / -0.112
duration / -0.405** / -0.273** / -0.015 / 0.434** / 0.310**
w’2 / -0.051 / 0.195 / -0.046 / -0.277** / 0.160
w’3 / -0.209 / 0.189 / 0.153 / -0.150 / -0.060
flowers / -0.048 / 0.493** / 0.081 / 0.078 / 0.842**
fruits / -0.103 / 0.492** / 0.357** / 0.153 / 0.864**

Above diagonal, year 2004. Below diagonal, year 2005.

SM Figure 1.Results of the structural equation models for relating phenological traits, independent fitness components, and lifetime fitness of a) Silene ciliata and b) Armeria caespitosaon each of the selective scenarios studied. Results of the best-fitting models for a) S. ciliata(3 altitudes x 2 years), and b) A. caespitosa (2 altitudes x 2 microhabitats x 2 years). Solid arrows denote positive effects, broken arrows denote negative effects, red arrows denote conflicting selection of a trait on different components of fitness. Arrow widths are proportional to adjacent standardized path coefficients. Significant paths are represented with *p<0.05, **p<0.01 or ***p<0.005. The effects of unexplained causes are expressed by external arrows to each dependent variable.

a)

b)