APUSH Unit 3 Study Guide

APUSH Unit 3 Study Guide

Bailey Ch. 12-18 : pgs. 240-251 & 256-398

Degler Ch. 4-5

Names:

· Stephen Austin = ( Bailey pg. 282, 283 ) = was granted a huge tract of land from Mexico City with the understanding that he would bring 300 American families into Texas; negotiated with the Mexico City government for the right to keep slaves in Texas in 1833 and was put in jail for 8 months by Santa Anna

· Theodore Weld = ( Bailey pg. 372 ) = an abolitionist reborn after the Second Great Awakening; preached against slavery; wrote a propaganda pamphlet called American Slavery As It Is ( 1839 ) to tell of the evils of slavery

· John Tyler = ( Bailey pg. 290, 380, 381, 382, 386 ) = selected as vice presidential running candidate for the Whigs in the election of 1840; the Whig presidential candidate in the election of 1844; called a Democrat in Whig’s clothing since he used to be a Democrat but became a Whig; won the election of 1844; lost his Whig party after vetoing Whig ideas of a centralized bank; ruled without a party or a cabinet ( except for Secretary of State Daniel Webster, who could not leave because he was in the middle of peace allegations with Great Britain )

· Ralph Waldo Emerson = ( Bailey pg. 330,349 ) = embraced the Unitarian Movement; was the most renowned Transcendentalist writer; gave the speech titled “The American Scholar” to the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity at Harvard College in 1837

· Alexis De Tocqueville = a French man who came to the U.S. and traveled around, observing the country; wrote a book on his observations

· William Cullen Bryant = ( Bailey pg. 348 ) = a poet; 3rd member of the Knickerbockers in New York; wrote Thanatopsis in 1817; eventually, made a living writing for the New York Evening Post

· Henry Clay = ( Bailey pg. 259, 260, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 281, 380, 381, 382, 385, 387, 388) = from Kentucky; ran for President in the election of 1824; was Speaker of the House of Representatives at the time; gave the election to John Quincy Adams, by influencing the House to vote for him; was the Secretary of State to President John Quincy Adams; passed a compromise bill to reduce the Tariff of 1832 by 10% over 8 years to reduce “nullie” revolts in South Carolina; went against Jackson and looked to set up a monopolized central bank; ran against Jackson in the election of 1832 and lost; ran for President in election of 1844 for the Democrats and lost

· Elizabeth Cady Stanton = ( Bailey pg. 339, 340 ) = a women’s rights advocate; wrote the Declaration of Man and Woman* in 1848 at Seneca Falls, New York;

o *stated that “all men and women are created equal”

· Thomas Hart Bentson = U.S. Senator ( Missouri ); writer of Manifest Destiny

· John C. Calhoun = ( Bailey pg. 263, 264, 287 ) = wrote The South Carolina Exposition, which denounced the Tariff of 1828 to be unjust and unconstitutional;

· Martin Van Buren = ( Bailey pg. 269, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291 ) = was Jackson’s Secretary of State; was 8th President of the U.S.; first president to be born under U.S. Flag; lost election of 1840

· John Marshall = ( Bailey pg. 248, 249, 250 ) = a famous chief justice who set the precedent of many of today’s government’s powers; see Marshall Court Decisions

· Fredrick Douglass = ( Bailey pg. 367, 373, 374 ) = an abolitionist and self-taught orator;

· Daniel Webster = ( Bailey pg. 249, 270, 271, 376 ) = fought for Dartmouth College against Woodward; was the spokesperson for New England in the Webster-Hayne Forensic Duel; wanted Union and was against slavery; Secretary of State to President Harrison and to President Tyler;

· Thomas Jefferson = ( Bailey pg. 342, 346, 360, 361 ) = invented a new type of plow and won a gold medal for it; the ablest American architect of his generation; wasn’t fully against slavery but then again, he didn’t fully support it;

· Henry Wadsworth Longfellow = ( Bailey pg. 351 ) = one of most popular poets in America; Evangeline, The Song of Hiawatha, The Courtship of Miles Standish

· Walt Whitman = ( Bailey pg. 350 ) = famous Brooklyn poet; Leaves of Grass

· Susan B. Anthony = ( Bailey pg. 340 ) = a women’s rights advocate;

· Horace Mann = ( Bailey pg. 334 ) = a graduate of Brown University; campaigned for better schoolhouses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum

· Charles Finney = ( Bailey pg. 330, 331 ) = a lawyer who became one of the most greatest revival preachers of the Second Great Awakening

· John Q. Adams = ( Bailey pg. 250, 251, 252, 259, 260, 261, 262, 265, 266 ) = kept Jackson in Florida ( during that period of time when Jackson was cruelly murdering people when he should have been restoring order ) and thus helped the U.S. get Florida; was Secretary of State to President Monroe; ran for President in the election of 1824 and won due to Clay’s influence in the House;

· William H. Harrison = ( Bailey pg. 287, 290, 291, 292 ) = ran for President in the election of 1836 as a Whig; ran for President in the election of 1840 as a Whig and won; was President only for 1 term

· William Lloyd Garrison = ( Bailey pg. 372, 373, 374 ) = very strong abolitionist who wrote the antislavery newspaper The Liberator

· Abraham Lincoln = ( Bailey pg. 281, 335, 368, 371 ) = was in the army; was very supportive of education; very strong abolitionist;

· Andrew Jackson = ( Bailey pg. 251, 258, 259, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 287, 292, 293 ) = led the attack against the Spanish in Spanish Florida in 1817-1818; butchered many Indians and Spaniards to eventually force Spain to reconcile and give Florida to the U.S. and make peace with them or lose Florida and gain an enemy; ran for President in 1824 and lost; ran for President in 1828 and won; was a common white man from the West; caused an increase in western rights and power; ran for President in 1832 and won again;

· Henry David Thoreau = ( Bailey pg. 349, 350 ) = a Transcendentalist writer and a close friend of Emerson

· John Greenleaf Whittier = ( Bailey pg. 351 ) = abolitionist poet

· Dorothea Dix = ( Bailey pg. 337 ) = fought for rights for mentally ill

· Robert Hayne = ( Bailey pg. 270, 271, 275 ) = was the spokesperson for the South in the Webster-Hayne Forensic Duel; condemned the disloyalty of New England during the War of 1812, extolled Calhoun’s dangerous doctrine of nullification and didn’t advocate a breakup of the Union

· James K. Polk = ( Bailey pg. 385, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398 ) = ran for President in the election of 1844; was a “democrat in Whig’s clothing” since he was a Democrat with Jackson but left Jackson for the Whigs; didn’t have many supporters because of this mixed party history; almost all of his cabinet left him except for Secretary of State Daniel Webster, only because he was in delicate negotiations with Britain

Sectional Issues & Squabbles

· The Corrupt Bargain = ( Bailey pg. 259, 260, 261 ) = in the election of 1824, there were 4 candidates : Henry Clay, William H. Crawford, John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Jackson; no one person got the required 2/3 majority so Congress had a meeting to vote on who becomes President; Clay was the speaker of the House of Representatives and he hated Jackson and Crawford and so he convinced Congress to vote for John Quincy Adams

· The Tariff of Abominations = ( Bailey pg. 262 ) =Tariff of 1828; pushed duties up to 45%; severely hated by Southerners

· The Compromise Tariff of 1833 = ( Bailey pg. 275 ) = would gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by ≈ 10% over a period of 8 years; was passed to calm down the “nullies”

· The Election of 1832 = ( Bailey pg. 278, 279 ) = two leading candidates were Clay of the National Republicans and Jackson of the Democrats; for the first time, a 3rd party entered – the Anti-Masonic party ( had ideas similar to those of Jackson but didn’t support him since he was a Mason ); Jackson won; [ Jackson : Clay ( popular vote = 687,502 : 530,189 ) + ( electoral vote = 219 : 49 ) ]

· Land Expansion = ( Bailey pg. 387 ) =Manifest Destiny; Americans felt that God “manifestly” destined the American people for a hemispheric career; see PPT

· Third Party Issues = third parties only came up when the 2 major parties ignored a major issue and usually left after the election was over; never really had a permanent hold in society

· The Panics of 1819 & 1837 =

o Panic of 1819 = ( Bailey pg. 242, 243, 258 ) = main causes of Panic of 1837 were over speculation of land, inflation from the war, British dumping of cheap manufactured goods in the U.S., and overproduction of cheap goods; caused a drop in cotton and wheat prices, inflation, BUS fails, etc.

o Panic of 1837 = ( Bailey pg. 289 ) = caused by rampant speculation, wheat crop failures, and Jacksonian finance

· The American System = ( Bailey pg. 240, 241 ) =(*note: first read the American System bullet under Economy before reading this) = the West supported the 3rd part of the system; the North opposed federal roads and canals because such methods of transportation would cause a decrease in population in the North and would create competing states beyond the Appalachian Mountains ( North is rich and influential; doesn’t want to lose people [ equal to losing power ] and doesn’t want to lose money [ equal to losing power and they wouldn’t be as rich and wouldn’t be able to use money in “tight” situations ] ); Jeffersonian Republicans also disliked the idea of direct federal support of intrastate internal improvements ( indirectly saying “States can’t handle it” and giving too much power to federal government )

· The Tariff of 1832 = ( Bailey pg. 275 ) =compromise Tariff made in response to the South’s response to the Tariff of 1828; promised a 10% decrease over 8 years on the duty set by the Tariff of 1828

· The Cumberland Road = ( Bailey pg. 318, 319 ) = started in 1811; was a huge gain for westerners; ran from Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, IL; finished in 1852

· The Webster-Hayne Debate = ( Bailey pg. 270, 271 ) = debate between Robert Y. Hayne ( representing the South ) and Daniel Webster ( representing the North ) in Senate; no real judges and no real winner

Robert Y. Hayne / Daniel Webster
Condemned the disloyalty of New England during the War of 1812 / Insisted that the people not the states harmed the Constitution and decried the insidious doctrine of nullification
Especially attacked the Tariff of Abominations
Extolled Calhoun’s dangerous idea of nullification as the only way to protect the minority from the majority / Either the Supreme Court would judge the constitutionality of laws or the Republic would fall apart
Sought to protect southerners rights within the Union and under the Constitution

· Texas ( everything ) = ( Bailey pg. 282, 283, 286, 287, 388 ) = Stephen Austin was granted a huge tract of land, understanding that he would bring into Texas 300 American families; friction developed between the Mexicans and the Texans; eventually went to war; 1836 – Texas declares its independence as the Lone Star Republic; Santa Anna attacks Texas; on April 26, 1836, Sam Houston forces Santa Anna to surrender; Texas’ annexation was also a very controversial issue, causing much disputer In the election of 1844

· Missouri Compromise = ( Bailey pg. 244, 245 ) = Congress agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state but, at the same time, Maine was admitted as a free state to keep the balance; also, any territory above the 36°60’ bought from the Louisiana Purchase was prohibited from retaining slaves

· The Force Bill = ( Bailey pg. 275 ) = passed in 1833; authorized the President to use the army and navy, if necessary, to collect federal tariff duties

· The South Carolina Exposition = ( Bailey pg. 263 ) =written by John C. Calhoun in 1828; declared the Tariff of 1828 as unjust and unconstitutional and proposed that the states nullify the tariff

· The Maysville Road = road to be built through Kentucky; if Jackson vetoed it, he would lose support from the West; if he accepted the bill, he would lose support from the North; Jackson vetoed the bill, saying that the federal government wouldn’t fund it and it was the states’ responsibility

· Independent Treasury Act = ( Bailey pg. 290 ) = passed in 1840; created an independent Treasury to be used by the federal government to store the funds

· War with Mexico ( all ) = ( Bailey pg. 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 398 ) = U.S. wanted CA; Mexico said no to selling it; America provoked war by putting troops on the Rio Grande; war was fought; ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848; America got Texas, California, and the enormous area westward to Oregon but America had to pay $15 million for the land and $3.25 million to assume its claims of its citizens against Mexico

Economy:

· Textile Factories =

· The American System = ( Bailey pg. 240, 241 ) = developed by Henry Clay; had 3 main parts : (1) A strong banking system to provide easy and abundant credit; (2) A protective tariff to cause a flourish in eastern manufacturing; (3) Internal improvements, such as roads and canals, whose funding would be provided by the revenues made by the tariff, which would cause an increase in trade of the foodstuffs and raw materials from the South and the West to the North and the East and manufactured goods from the North and the East to the South and the West

· Labor Unions = ( Bailey pg. 313, 314 ) = labor unions were forbidden by law up to 1842 ( see Commonwealth vs. Hunt ); thus, workers voted for less hours and more wages and more tolerable working conditions, public education for their children, and an end to the inhuman practice of imprisonment or debt

· Lowell Factory System = ( Bailey pg. 314 ) = factories where women worked relentlessly for about 12 or 13 hours a day, 6 days a week; very disciplined; escorted regularly to church from their company boardinghouses; forbidden to form unions