Name:______Date: ______

APUSH 11th gradeProf. Ruthie García VeraPJMJCH Marista High School

DBQEssayEarlyPresidentialPolicies

PartI.DocumentAnalysis

Read and answer the questions for the following24documents. Use outside information to do so if necessary. Supportyour response with relevant facts, examples and details. Include additional outside information and include references in your work.

HistoricalContext: TheearlypresidentsoftheUnitedStates(1789-1837)arerecognizedfortheirforeignand domesticpolicies thathelped thecountrybecome astrong nation.Throughtheirleadership,thesefounding fathersled thestates through its beginning byestablishing thefirstrepublicanformof governmentthathas become one of thestrongestintheworld today.

Prompt:

Towhatextentdidtheearlypresidentsbuildastrongnationthroughtheirleadershipondomesticandforeignpolicies?

Document 1

1. According tothepainting,what precedentfromGeorgeWashington’s presidencydothemeninthepainting represent?

2. Isthedocumentaboutforeignordomesticpolicy?

Document2

“….the dutyandinterestoftheUnitedStatesrequire,thattheyshouldwithsincerityandgoodfaithadoptandpursueaconductfriendlyandimpartialtowardthebelligerentPowers(nationsatwar);…citizensoftheUnitedStatesshallrenderhimselfliabletopunishmentorforfeiture(surrender)underthelawofnations,bycommitting,aiding,orabettinghostilitiesagainstanyofthesaidPowers…”TheProclamationofNeutrality,April22,1793… GeorgeWashington,1793

3. Whatwas thepurposeoftheProclamationof Neutrality? Isitaboutforeignordomesticpolicy?

Document3

“I havealready intimatedtoyou thedangerofparties intheState…”“Itisourtruepolicy tosteerclearof permanentalliances withanyportionoftheforeignworld.”Washington’s FarewellAddress,1796

4. WhatwarningsdidGeorgeWashingtongivetothepeopleoftheUnitedStatesinhisFarewellAddress? Isthedocumentaboutforeignordomesticpolicy?

Document4

“…And whereas, it isinmyjudgmentnecessary underthecircumstancesofthecasetotakemeasuresforcallingforththemilitia…themostsolemnconvictionthattheessentialinterestsoftheUniondemandit…thereforeIdocommandallpersonsbeinginsurgents…todisperseandretirepeacefullytotheirrespectiveabodes…”WhiskeyRebellionProclamationGeorgeWashington,1794

5. According tothedocument, whatis thepurposeoftheProclamation? Isitaboutforeignordomesticpolicy?

Document5

“That if anypersons shallunlawfullycombineorconspiretogether,withintenttoopposeany measureormeasuresofthegovernmentof theUnited States…they shallbe deemedguiltyofa highmisdemeanor,and onconviction,beforeany courtoftheUnited States havingjurisdictionthereof,shallbe punished bya finenotexceeding fivethousand dollars,and by imprisonmentduringa termnotlessthansix…”JohnAdams,SeditionAct,1798

“Be it enacted..., Thatwheneverthereshallbe adeclared warbetweentheUnited States andanyforeignnation orgovernment …thePresidentoftheUnited States shallmakepublicproclamationoftheevent,allnatives,citizens…orsubjectsof thehostilenationorgovernment…whoshallbewithintheUnited States…shallbe liableto beapprehended,restrained,secured and removed…”JohnAdams,AlienAct,1798

6. What is themainideaoftheSedition Act?

7. What is themainideaoftheAlienAct?

8. Are thedocumentsaboutforeign ordomesticpolicy? Why?

Document6

“RESOLVED,That theGeneralAssemblyof Virginia…dothparticularlyprotestagainst…thetwolatecasesof the"AlienandSeditionActs"passedat thelast sessionof Congress;thefirstof whichexercises apowernowheredelegated tothefederalgovernment…”JohnAdams,Virginia Resolution,1798

“THErepresentativesofthegoodpeopleof thiscommonwealth ingeneralassemblyconvened,havingmaturely consideredtheanswers of sundry (various)states…respectingcertainunconstitutionallawsofCongress,commonlycalledthealienandseditionlaws…exposetheunconstitutionalityofthoseobnoxiouslaws…” JohnAdams,KentuckyResolution1799

9. Using thedocumentsabove, what isthemainpointbothresolutions aremakingaboutobeyingthefederal lawoftheAlienand SeditionAct? Are thesedocuments foreign ordomesticpolicy?

Document7

“Although itis very truethatweoughtnottoinvolveourselvesinthepoliticalsystemofEurope, buttokeepourselvesalwaysdistinctandseparatefromitifwe can, we areendeavoring(trying) toadjustall ourdifferenceswith France by amicablenegotiation…renderitmyindispensable(inevitable) duty torecommendtoyourconsiderationeffectualmeasuresof defense…..I shallinstitute afresh attempt at negotiation,andshallnot failtopromoteandaccelerateanaccommodation on terms compatiblewith the rights, duties,interests,andhonor ofthenation.”SpeechbyJohnAdamsinaSpecialMessagetoCongressontheXYZAffair"(May16,1797)

10. WhatwastheXYZAffair? Whatis JohnAdams positiononnegotiations withFranceaftertheXYZAffair?

Isthedocumentaboutforeignordomesticpolicy?

Document8

Paris,July11,1786

DearSir:

Iaskafleetof150guns,theonehalfofwhichshallbeinconstantcruise.Thisfleetbuilt…willcost450,000poundssterling.It’sannualexpenceis300poundssterlingagun,includingeverything:thiswillbe45,000poundssterlingayear.…WerewetochargeallthistotheAlgerinewaritwouldamounttolittlemorethanwemustpayifwebuypeace.Butasitisproperandnecessarythatweshouldestablishasmallmarineforce(evenwerewetobuyapeacefromtheAlgerines,)andasthatforcelaidupinourdockyardswouldcostushalfasmuchannually asifkeptinorderforservice,wehavearighttosay thatonly22,500poundssterlingperannumshouldbechargedtotheAlgerinewar.(Cappon1959,142-143)Excerpt,LetterThomasJeffersontoJohnAdams.

11. Who were the Barbary Pirates? What doesJeffersonconcludeaboutwhetherornottocontinuepayingtributetotheAlgerines?

12. HowdoeshisviewchangewhenhebecomesPresident?Whydoyouthinkhedoesthis?

Document9

Before you receive this, you will have heard, through the channel of the public papers, of the cession of Louisiana by France to the United States…That the treaty may be ratified in time, I have found it necessary to convene Congress on the 17th of October… Letter from President Thomas Jefferson to William Dunbar, July 17, 1803

“The FirstConsulof theFrenchRepublicdesiringtogivetotheUnitedStates…doth hereby cedetotheUnited States inthenameof theFrenchRepublic foreverandinfullSovereignty thesaidterritory withallitsrightsand appurtenances asfully and intheSamemanneras theyhavebeenacquired by theFrenchRepublicinvirtueof the abovementionedTreaty …”Thomas Jefferson, ArticleII, Treaty betweentheUnitedStatesofAmerica andtheFrench Republic,1803

13. Intheletter, Thomas Jeffersonstates“thetreatymay be ratified [between FranceandUSA]intime”.Ifthe agreement signediscalleda treaty, does that givePresident Jefferson the constitutional right to make thepurchase?Explainyouranswer.

14. According tothearticles above,howdid Jeffersonobtaintheland owned by France(LouisianaTerritory) asaterritoryfortheUnitedStates?Arethedocumentsaboutforeignordomesticpolicy?

Document10

15. Using themapbelow,whyisthepossessionoftheLouisiana Territoryin1803importanttotheUnited States? Isthemapaboutforeignordomesticpolicy?

Document11

“Be it enacted..., Thatanembargobe, and hereby is laid onallshipsandvessels intheportsandplaces withinthelimits orjurisdictionof theUnitedStates... andthatnoclearancebe furnishedtoanyshiporvesselboundtosuch foreignportorplace…

Section 2. Andbeit furtherenacted,That during thecontinuanceofthis act,noregistered,orsealettervessel,havingonboard goods,wares andmerchandise,shallbe allowedtodepartfromone portoftheUnited States…” Thomas Jefferson, EmbargoAct,1807

TheUnitedStateswasveryangrywithBritainandFranceforinterferingwithtrade.In1807,PresidentJeffersonconvincedCongresstopasstheEmbargoAct.ThislawstatedthatAmericanscouldnottradewithothercountries.JeffersonthoughttheembargowouldhurtFranceandBritainbycuttingofftheirsupplies.However,italsohurtAmericans.(Seegraph).ThelawwasreplacedbytheNonintercourseAct.ItallowedAmericanstotradewithallnationsexceptFranceandBritain.

16. What is themainpurposeoftheEmbargoAct? What was its effect in the United States?

Document12

17. How much money did the United States lose in exports in the first year after the Embargo Act waspassed? Isit aboutforeignordomesticpolicy?

Document13

To theSenateand Houseof Representatives oftheUnited States:

“British cruisers (ships) have been in the practice of violating the rights and the peace of our coasts…Our commerce has been plundered (taken) in every sea, the great staples of our country have been cut off from our legitimate markets and a destructive blow aimed at our agricultural and maritime interest and now we behold…on the side of Great Britain a state of war against the United States.”

“IcommunicatetoCongress certaindocuments,beinga continuationof thoseheretoforelaidbeforethemonthesubjectofouraffairswithGreatBritain. Britishcruisershavebeeninthecontinuedpracticeof violating theAmericanflag onthegreathighway ofnations,andof seizing and carryingoffpersons sailing. ..Thousands of Americancitizens,underthesafeguardof public lawandoftheirnationalflag,havebeentornfromtheircountryand fromeverythingdeartothem;havebeendraggedonboard ships…of a foreignnationandexposed,undertheseverities of theirdiscipline.”James MadisonSpecialMessagetoCongress ontheForeignPolicy CrisisWarMessage(June1,1812)

18. What is James Madison’smainpointinhis addresstoCongress? Isit aboutforeignordomesticpolicy? List two complaints the President is making in this quote?

Document14

“Amongthemeansof advancing thepublicinteresttheoccasionisa properoneforrecallingtheattentionofCongress tothegreatimportanceofestablishingthroughoutourcountry theroadsandcanals whichcanbestbeexecutedunderthenationalauthority. “ StateoftheUnionAddress,JamesMadison,December5,1815

19. What is James Madison’s beliefabouttheinternalimprovements(publictransportation)?

Document15

“I shallbehold it blessed withtranquility (peace)andprosperity at homeand withpeaceand respectabroad.IcanindulgetheproudreflectionthattheAmericanpeoplehavereachedinsafetyandsuccesstheir40thyearasanindependentnation...”James Madison’s,Stateof theUnion,December3,1816

20. WhatdoesJamesMadisonstateashismainaccomplishmentattheendofhispresidency? Isit aboutforeignordomesticpolicy?

Document16

“That theAmericancontinents, by thefreeandindependentcondition.., are henceforthnotto beconsideredas subjectsforfuturecolonizationby anyEuropeanpowers....Ourpolicy,inregard toEurope…,nevertheless remains thesame,whichis,nottointerfereintheinternalconcerns ofany ofitspowers;Itis impossiblethatthealliedpowers (Europe) shouldextendtheirpoliticalsystemtoanyportionof eithercontinent,withoutendangering ourpeaceand happiness…” James Monroe

21. What is themainidea fromthedocumentabove?Isitaboutforeignordomesticpolicy?

22. Howis James Monroe’sforeignpolicy likeGeorgeWashington’s foreignpolicy?

Document17

MapoftheUnitedStatesshowingthefreeandslavestatesandterritoriesfollowingtheMissouriCompromiseof1820.

23. Howwasbalancemaintainedbetweenfreeand slavestateswith theMissouriCompromiseof 1820?

Isthemapaboutforeignordomesticpolicy?

Document18

“His Majestycedes totheUnited States, infullproperty and sovereignty,alltheterritorieswhichbelongtohim,situatedtotheeastward oftheMississippi,knownbythenameofEastand WestFlorida. ...The said archives anddocumentsshallbe left inpossessionofthecommissaries(representative)orofficersof theUnited States,dulyauthorizedtoreceivethem.” Adams OnisTreaty,ArticleII

“The inhabitants of thecededterritories shallbe secured…without any restriction;and allthosewhomay desiretoremovetotheSpanish dominionsshallbe permitted tosellorexporttheireffects, at anytimewhatever,withoutbeing subject, ineithercase,toduties.” Adams OnisTreaty,Article V

24. According toArticleII, what territory was cededtotheUnited StatesintheAdams OnisTreaty?

25. According toArticleV,how were thepeopleofthecededterritory tobetreated?

26. Are the articlesaboutforeignordomesticpolicy?

Document 19

“ So partial are the effects of the [tariff] system, that its burdens are exclusively on one side and its benefits on the other. It imposes on the agricultural interest of the South, including the Southwest, and that portion of the country particularly engaged in commerce and navigation, the burden not only of sustaining the system itself, but that also of the Government. In stating the case thus strongly, it is not the intention of the committee to exaggerate. If exaggeration were not unworthy of the gravity of the subject, the reality is such as to make it unnecessary...” South Carolina's Protest Against Andrew Jackson’s Tariff of 1828. By John C. Calhoun (Anonymously).

27.What was theTariffof1828? Why did South Carolina threaten secession it? Is the tariff aboutforeignordomesticpolicy?

Document 20

Sir,Ideprecateanddeplorethistoneofthoughtandfeeling.Ideemfarotherwiseoftheunionofthestates,andsodidtheframersoftheconstitutionthemselves.WhattheysaidIbelieve;fullyandsincerelybelieve,thattheunionofthestates isessentialtotheprosperityandsafetyofthestates.Iam aunionist,andinthissense,anationalrepublican.Iwouldstrengthenthetiesthatholdustogether.Far,indeed,inmywishes,veryfardistantbetheday,whenourassociatedandfraternalstripesshallbeseveredasunder,andwhenthathappyconstellationunderwhich wehaverisentosomuchrenown,shallbebrokenupandbeseensinkingstarafterstar,intoobscurityandnight!....

ShouldourUnionfallintopieces,whichthesedoctrinesmaycausetohappen,Ifeartosee"Statesdissevered,discordant,belligerent;...alandrentwithcivilfeuds,ordrenched,...infraternalblood!"Letusnothave"LibertyfirstandUnionafterwards",but"LibertyandUnion,nowandforever,oneandinseparable!Webster-HayneDebate (Against Andrew Jackson’s policy) ,January26,1830

The Hayne-Webster Debate was an unplanned series of speeches in the Senate, during which Robert Hayne of South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, and Daniel Webster expressed the concept of the United States as one nation.

28. Who’s opinion is represented in the document?

29.The coalition that supported Andrew Jackson for president had a large faction of advocates of state sovereignty? What does this mean?

Document21

Analyze the following cartoon.

30. WhatPresidentialpowerdoesthe cartoon showJackson having?Why do you believe the artist chose to depict him in this way?

31. What controversial action did President Jackson take in 1832that is the subject of this cartoon?What items in the cartoon support this notion?

32. Do you feel the artist supports President Jackson’s action? Why or why not?

Document 22

“It istobe regrettedthatthe richandpowerfultoo often bendtheacts ofgovernmentto theirselfishpurposes….Distinctionsin society will alwaysexistunderevery justgovernment….But when thelawsundertaketo….Maketherichricherand thepotentmorepowerful,thehumblemembersof society….have a rightto complainof theinjusticeof theirGovernment.”

Thebill“tomodifyandcontinue”theactentitled“AnacttoincorporatethesubscriberstotheBankoftheUnitedStates”waspresentedtomeonthe4thJulyinstant.Havingconsideredit withthatsolemnregardtotheprinciplesoftheConstitutionwhichthedaywascalculatedtoinspire,andcometotheconclusionthatitoughtnottobecomealaw,IherewithreturnittotheSenate,inwhichitoriginated,withmyobjections.

AbankoftheUnitedStatesisinmanyrespectsconvenientfortheGovernmentandusefultothepeople. Entertainingthisopinion,anddeeplyimpressedwiththebeliefthatsomeofthepowersandprivilegespossessedbytheexistingbankareunauthorizedbytheConstitution,subversiveoftherightsoftheStates,anddangeroustothelibertiesofthepeople,IfeltitmydutyatanearlyperiodofmyAdministrationtocalltheattentionofCongresstothepracticabilityoforganizinganinstitutioncombiningallitsadvantagesandobviatingtheseobjections.IsincerelyregretthatintheactbeforemeIcanperceivenoneofthosemodificationsofthebankcharterwhicharenecessary,inmyopinion,tomakeitcompatiblewithjustice,withsoundpolicy,or withtheConstitutionofour country. AndrewJackson'sBankVeto,1832.

33. Who didJacksonthinkhewas defending whenhevetoedtheNationalBank? According toJackson,which membersofsocietybenefitedfromtheNationalBank?Is this vetoaboutforeignordomesticpolicy?

Document23

ForwhatwouldyouexchangeyourshareintheadvantagesandhonoroftheUnion?Forthedream ofaseparateindependence,adreaminterruptedbybloodyconflictswithyourneighborsandaviledependenceonaforeignpower.If yourleaderscouldsucceedinestablishingaseparation,whatwouldbeyoursituation?Areyouunitedathome?Areyoufreefrom theapprehensionofcivildiscord,withallitsfearfulconsequences?.....Butthedictatesofahighdutyobligemesolemnlytoannouncethat youcannotsucceed.ThelawsoftheUnitedStatesmustbeexecuted.Ihavenodiscretionarypoweronthesubject;mydutyisemphaticallypronouncedintheConstitution.Thosewhotoldyouthatyoumightpeaceablypreventtheirexecutiondeceived you;theycouldnothavebeendeceivedthemselves.Theyknowthataforcibleoppositioncouldalonepreventtheexecutionofthelaws,andtheyknowthatsuchoppositionmustberepelled.Theirobjectisdisunion.

Butbenotdeceivedbynames.Disunionbyarmedforceistreason.Are youreallyreadytoincuritsguilt?.....Theconsequencemustbefearfulfor you,distressingtoyourfellowcitizenshereandtothefriendsofgoodgovernmentthroughouttheworld.

AndrewJacksonissuedtheaboveproclamationappealingtotheCarolinianstoforsakethetreacherouspathsofnullificationanddisunion.1832.

34. What wasJackson’sopinion of southernsecession? Is this proclamationaboutforeignordomesticpolicy?

Document24

Asameansofeffectingthisend,IsuggestforyourconsiderationtheproprietyofsettingapartanampledistrictwestoftheMississippi,andwithout[outside]thelimitsofanystateorterritorynowformed,tobeguaranteedtotheIndiantribesaslongastheyshalloccupyit,eachtribehavingadistinctcontrolovertheportiondesignated foritsuse.Theretheymaybesecuredintheenjoymentofgovernmentsoftheir ownchoice,subjecttonoothercontrolfrom theUnitedStatesthansuchasmaybenecessarytopreservepeace onthefrontierandbetweentheseveraltribes.....Thisemigrationshouldbevoluntary,foritwouldbeascruelasunjusttocompeltheaboriginestoabandonthegravesoftheirfathersandseek ahomeinadistantland.... PresidentAndrewJackson'sendorsementofIndianremoval,1829.

“Allpreceding experimentsforthe improvementof theIndians havefailed.Itseemsnowtobean established factthat they cannotlivein contactwith a civilizedcommunity and prosper….No onecan doubtthemoral dutyof theGovernment…. Toprotect andif possibleto preserveand perpetuatethescatteredremnantsof thisrace….”Jackson’s message toCongressconcerningthe removalofNativeAmericansfromeastoftheAppalachian Mountains,December7,1835

35.Who isthe‘civilizedcommunity’according toJackson?Why did Jackson feelthat relocating theNativeAmericans wasthebestpolicy?Are his actionsaboutforeignordomesticpolicy?

PartII:UsinginformationfromthedocumentsandyourknowledgeofUnitedStateshistory,writeawell-organized fourparagraphdocument basedessaythataddressestheprompt and includes anintroduction, the four paragraphs, and aconclusion. Useevidence fromat leastninedocuments inyouressay and references from outside information.

Towhatextentdidtheearlypresidentsbuildastrongnationthroughtheirleadershipondomesticandforeignpolicies?

1. Compare and contrastin a chart thefollowingpresidentsaspreparation to writeyouressay.

George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, Andrew Jackson.

  • Identifytheirforeignpolicies.
  • Foreachofthepoliciesyouidentify,explainwhythepresidentbelievedthatpolicywouldbenefittheUnitedStatesandhowthispolicyimpactedthenation.
  • ExplainhowitkeptAmericaisolatedand/orneutralfromEuropeannations.Inwhatwaysdidtheiractionshaveunintendedconsequences?

2. Writeathesisstatementthatrestates theessayprompt. Then,listthemainpoints anddocumentreferences you’llbeusing. Keepinmind thatsomeof yourhistoricalevidenceandelaborationwillcomefrompreviousknowledge.

3. Writearough draftincludingthefollowing:

a. Introduction- thesis statement

b. Skiplines. (for corrections)

c. Indent foreachofFOUR paragraphs.

d. Write inthird personnarrative.

e. Use correct spelling,capitalization, andpunctuation.

4. Re-write your essay and send before midnight by the date indicated in your class Lo Calendar pageand at mrsruthie.net site.