Appendix 1 Voucher information of samples used in this study (Tsoong 1963; Yang et al. 1998). All specimens are conserved at KUN

Group1 Sceptrum / P. clarkei J. D. Hooker, Tibet, Shannan, H.J.He, 081390.
P. craspedotricha Maximowicz, Qinghai, Yushu, B.Q.Xu et al., Xianh0348.
P. decora Franchet, Shanxi , Baoji, J.Cai et al., 10CS2332.
P. dolichocymba Handel-Mazzetti, Yunnan, Deqin, H.Sun & Z.G.Qian, 731.
P. dunniana Bonati, Yunnan, Shangrila, Q.E.Yang & Q.Yuan, Yangqe1901.
P. galeata Bonati, Yunnan, Gongshan, K.M.Feng, 7673.
P. ingens Maximowicz, Qinghai, Guoluo, S.L.Chen et al., Chensl0292.
P. lasiophrys Maximowicz, Sichuan, Yajiang, W.B.Yu et al., HW10277.
P. rhodotricha Maximowicz, Sichuan, Yajiang, W.B.Yu et al., HW10330.
P. tongolensis Franchet, Sichuan, Batang, W.B.Yu et al., HW10243.
P. tristis Linnaeus, Gansu, Gannan, W.Qi, LJQ-2008-GN-417.
P. tsekouensis Bonati, Yunnan, Sila, T.T.Yu, 22763.
P. vialii Franchet ex F. B. Forbes & Hemsley, Yunnan, Lijiang, W.B.Yu,
Group2 Neosceptrum / P. lachnoglossa J. D. Hooker, Yunnan, Shangrila, W.B.Yu et al., HW10051.
P. striata Pallas, Gansu, Gannan, W.Qi, LJQ-2008-GN-409.
Group3 Cyclocladus / P. aloensis Handel-Mazzetti, Yunnan, Shangrila, H.Wang et al., 101.
P. gracilis Wallich ex Bentham, Yunnan, Tongdian, H.H.Kong & C.Ren, Yangqe2880.
P. pseudomelampyriflora Bonati, Sichuan, W.B.Yu,
P. salviiflora Franchet ex F. B. Forbes & Hemsley, Yunnan, Shangrila, M.L.Liu, HW10392.
Group4 Dolichomischus / P. axillaris Franchet ex Maximowicz, Yunnan, Shangrila, W.B.Yu et al., HW10159.
P. batangensis Bureau & Franchet, Sichuan, Luhuo, D.E.Boufford et al., 34670.
P. longipes Maximowicz, Sichuan, Litang, W.B.Yu et al., LIDZ-1205.
P. macrosiphon Franchet, Yunnan, Gongshan, Qing-Tibetan Group, 7427.
P. muscicola Maximowicz, Shanxi, Baoji, J.Cai et al., 10CS2486.
Group5 Polyschistophyllum / P. dichotoma Bonati, Sichuan, Xiangcheng, W.B.Yu et al., LIDZ-1278.
Group6 Cyathophora / P. cyathophylla Franchet, Sichuan, W.B.Yu et al., LIDZ-1204.
P. cyathophylloides H. Limpricht, Sichuan, Litang, W.B.Yu et al., LIDZ-1194.
P. rex C. B. Clarke ex Maximowicz, Yunnan, Shangrila, M.L.Liu, HW10387.
P. superba Franchet ex Maximowicz, Yunnan, Lijiang, W.B.Yu, s.n.
P. thamnophila (Handel-Mazzetti) H. L. Li, Sichuan, Xiangcheng, W.B.Yu et al., LIDZ-1277.
Group7 Pedicularis / P. crenata Maximowicz, Yunnan, Dali, Q.S.Yang et al., ZhouZK-07ZX-0045.
P. gruina Franchet ex Maximowicz, Yunnan, Shangrila, M.L.Liu, HW10388.
P. kiangsiensis P. C. Tsoong & S. H. Cheng, Guangxi, Guanyang, Z.Y.Chen, 52397.
P. labordei Vaniot ex Bonati, Yunnan, Zhaotong, G.M.Yang, SCSB-W-1207.
P. nigra (Bonati) Vaniot ex Bonati, Yunnan, Shizhong, D.Y.Yu et al., 0101.
P. palustris Linnaeus, Norway, Hedmark County, Bjureke & Mjaaland, s.n.
P. pantlingii Prain, Yunnan, Gongshan, X.F.Deng, 791405.
P. tenuisecta Franchet ex Maximowicz, Yunnan, Wuding, H.Li et al., 1132.
P. veronicifolia Franchet, Yunnan, Songming, Y.B.Zhang, 3.
Group8 Sigmantha / P. anas Maximowicz, Sichuan, Kangding, W.B.Yu et al., HW10314.
P. angularis P. C. Tsoong, Sichuan, Aba, J.Cai et al., 10CS2557.
P. anthemifolia Fischer ex Colla, Xinjiang, Tuoli, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, 1010.
P. cheilanthifolia Schrenk, Gansu, Gannan, X.D.Li et al., LiJ0015.
P. confluens P. C. Tsoong, Sichuan, Nanchuan, G.G.Li, 62755.
P. glabrescens H. L. Li, Sichuan, Xiangcheng, W.B.Yu et al., HW10098.
P. kansuensis Maximowicz, Sichuan, Xiangcheng, W.B.Yu et al., HW10236.
P. likiangensis Franchet ex Maximowicz, Sichuan, Kangding, W.B.Yu et al., HW10317.
P. mairei Bonati, Yunnan, Coteaux derrière La-Kou. 0474085.
P. microchilae Franchet ex Maximowicz, Yunnan, Kunming, H.Peng et al., 8678.
P. plicata Maximowicz, Tibet, C.Y.Wu et al., 5018.
P. rigida Franchet ex Maximowicz, Yunnan, Mengzi, Q.W.Wang, 83302.
P. roylei Maximowicz, Sichuan, Litang, W.B.Yu et al., LIDZ-1623.
P. rupicola Franchet ex Maximowicz, Sichuan, Daocheng, W.B.Yu et al., LIDZ-1634.
P. spicata Pallas, Shanxi, Shanyang, Z.B.Wang, 16379.
P. verticillata Linnaeus, Tibet, Changdu, D.C.Zhang et al., ZhangDC-07zx-0717.
Group9 Orthosiphonia / P. alaschanica Maximowicz, Qinghai, Haixi, S.L.Chen et al., Chensl0481.
P. brevilabris Franchet, Sichuan, Yajiang, W.B.Yu et al., HW10325.
P. cristatella Pennell & H. L. Li in H. L. Li, Sichuan, Aba, X.J.He et al., SCU-08034.
P. densispica Franchet ex Maximowicz, Yunnan, Lijiang, W.B.Yu et al., HW10058.
P. duclouxii Bonati, Yunnan, Shangrila, H.Wang, 9361.
P. mollis Wallich ex Bentham, Tibet, Changdu, B.Xu et al., SunH-07ZX-0870.
P. myriophylla Pallas, Xinjiang, Nilka county, W.B.Xu & H.Y.Sun, SHI-A2007391.
P. oliveriana Prain, Tibet, LiuJQ-09XZ-ML064.
P. pseudocurvituba P. C. Tsoong, Qinghai, Guoluo, S.L.Chen et al., Chensl0098.
P. rhynchotricha P. C. Tsoong, Tibet, Chayu, Qing-Tibetan Group, 10511.
P. scolopax Maximowicz, Tibet, Changdu, Y.H.Zhang et al., SunH-07ZX-1069.
P. semitorta Maximowicz., Sichuan, Aba, T.Zhang et al., 08CS858.
Group10 Apocladus / P. cephalantha Franchet ex Maximowicz, Yunnan, Shangrila, W.B.Yu et al., HW10093.
P. davidii Franchet, Sichuan, Aba, X.J.He et al., SCU-080348.
P. dolichorrhiza Schrenk, Xinjiang, Urumchi, X.Y.Huang, Huang1003.
P. elata Willdenow, Xinjiang, Urumchi, D.Y.Tan et al., TanDY0307.
P. oxycarpa Franchet ex Maximowicz, Yunnan, Shangrila, Q.E.Yang & Q.Yuan, Yangqe1824.
P. physocalyx Bunge, Xinjiang, Bole, W.B.Xu & Y.Wang, SHI-2008018.
P. pseudocephalantha Bonati, Yunnan, Deqin, Q.W.Wang, 68785.
P. rhinanthoides Schrenk ex Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Sichuan, Yajiang, W.B.Yu et al., HW10326.
P. tachanensis Bonati, Sichuan, Shimian, W.B.Yu et al., HW10355.
P. tahaiensis Bonati, Yunnan, Kunming, H.Peng et al., 8258.
P. tibetica Franch., Sichuan, Kangding, W.B.Yu et al., HW10309.
P. venusta Schangin ex Bunge, Xinjiang, Hejing, Tarim University, LiZJ0542.
Group11 Brachyphylliastrum / P. confertiflora Prain, Yunnan, Zhaotong, G.M.Yang, SCSB-W-1265.
P. cymbalaria Bonati, Yunnan, Shangrila, W.B.Yu et al., LIDZ-1209.
P. debilis Franchet ex Maximowicz, Yunnan, Shangrila, W.B.Yu, Yu-615.
P. integrifolia J. D. Hooker, Yunnan, Shangrila, Q.S.Yang et al., ZhouZK-07ZX-0396.
P. lutescens Franchet ex Maximowicz, Yunnan, Shangrila, W.B.Yu, LIDZ-1267.
P. lyrata Prain ex Maximowicz, Sichuan, Litang, W.B.Yu et al., LIDZ-1206.
P. sphaerantha P. C. Tsoong, Tibet, Linzhi, J.Luo et al., LiuJQ-08XZ-051.
P. urceolata P. C. Tsoong, Sichuan, Kangding, W.B.Yu et al., HW10315.
P. verbenifolia Franchet ex Maximowicz, Yunnan, Gongshan, T.T.Yu, 23213.
Group12 Dolichophyllum / P. pilostachya Maximowicz, Xinjiang, Urumqi, X.Y.Huang, Huang1002.
Group13 Rhizophyllum / P. bella J. D. Hooker, Tibet, Linzhi, J.Luo & S.L.Wang, LiuJQ-08XZ-064.
P. bidentata Maximowicz, Gansu, Gannan, X.D.Li et al., Lij0059.
P. corydaloides Handel-Mazzetti, Shanxi, Wutai mountain, S.K.Wu et al., 3061.
P. cranolopha Maximowicz, Sichuan, Litang, W.B.Yu et al., LIDZ-1220.
P. decorissima Diels, Sichuan, Ganzi, D.E.Boufford et al., 34190.
P. elwesii J. D. Hooker, Tibet, Linzhi, LiuJQ-08XZ-046.
P. filicula Franchet ex Maximowicz, Yunnan, Lijiang, H.Ohba et al., 1080.
P. fletcheri P. C. Tsoong, Tibet, Linzhi, J.Luo & S.L.Wang, LiuJQ-08XZ-154.
P. latituba Bonati, Sichuan, Litang, W.B.Yu et al., HW10252.
P. lecomtei Bonati, Yunnan, Shangrila, W.B.Yu et al., HW10197.
P. longiflora Rudolph, Yunnan, Shangrila, W.B.Yu et al., HW10092.
P. megalantha D. Don, Tibet, Shigatse, H.J.He et al., 081254.
P. muscoides H. L. Li, Sichuan, Daocheng, Qing-Tibetan Group, 5844.
P. mussotii Franchet, Sichuan, Kangding, W.B.Yu et al., HW10310.
P. oederi Vahl in Hornemann, Sichuan, Kangding, W.B.Yu et al., HW10322.
P. praeruptorum Bonati, Yunnan, Gongshan, Q.Lin & X.F.Deng, 7906701.
P. pseudoversicolor Handel-Mazzetti, Yunnan, Shangrila, W.B.Yu et al., HW10165.
P. rhynchodonta Bureau Franchet, Sichuan, Kangding, W.B.Yu et al., HW10321.
P. siphonantha D. Don, Sichuan, Litang, W.B.Yu et al., LIDZ-1622.
P. tricolor Handel-Mazzetti, Yunnan, Shangrila, Q.E.Yang & Q.Yuan, Yangqe1874.