Appendix 1 Main Features of the 28 Studied Areas in Pontal Do Paranapanema, Southeastern

Appendix 1 –Main features of the 28 studied areas inPontal do Paranapanema, southeastern Brazil: AREA; degree of proximity (PROX) and vegetation structure (VEG–Factor1of a Principal Component Analysis, as the lower the value, the better the conservation status of the forest). Areas were classified according to the size: C, control; L1-L7, large patches; M1-M7, medium patches andS1-S7, small patches.

AREA (ha) / PROX / VEG
C / 35403 / 190.50 / 0.72
L1 / 421 / 0.01 / -1.00
L2 / 451 / 1.66 / -0.16
L3 / 471 / 14.09 / -0.98
L4 / 479 / 10.20 / 0.09
L5 / 1148 / 4.08 / 0.50
L6 / 1275 / 4.21 / -0.87
L7 / 1735 / 1.50 / 3.26
M1 / 110 / 287.24 / 1.09
M2 / 125 / 163.03 / -1.90
M3 / 130 / 0.00 / -0.73
M4 / 154 / 9.51 / -1.16
M5 / 173 / 13.54 / 1.06
M6 / 185 / 0.20 / -1.63
M7 / 218 / 37.33 / 1.39
S1 / 28 / 0.00 / -0.07
S2 / 39 / 47.73 / 0.64
S3 / 55 / 0.00 / -0.88
S4 / 71 / 1.60 / -0.58
S5 / 61 / 0.53 / -1.45
S6 / 73 / 2640.08 / -1.10
S7 / 78 / 216.68 / -0.57

Appendix 2– List of studied forest species with their sensibility to habitat loss and fragmentation. Also listed are the categories of functional groups they were classified in for the Pontal do Paranapanema region, Southeastern, Brazil.

Species / Sensitivity / Endemism / Limit of Distribution / Type of forest / Relative abundance / Center of abundance / Guilds
Procnias nudicollis / Affected / Endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / High Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.
Automolus leucophthalmus / Affected / Endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Hemitriccus orbitatus / Affected / Endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Xiphorhynchus fuscus / Affected / Endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Malacoptila striata / Affected / Endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Low / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Pyriglena leucoptera / Affected / Endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / High / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Sclerurus scansor / Affected / Endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Low / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Tinamus solitarius / Affected / Endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Low / Low Lands / Large ground insect. and frug.
Pyrrhura frontalis / Affected / Endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / High Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.
Basileuterus leucoblepharus / Affected / Endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / High Lands / Understory insectivores
Chiroxiphia caudata / Affected / Endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / High Lands / Understory omnivores
Baryphthengus ruficapillus / Affected / Endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Trogon surrucura / Affected / Endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / High / High Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.
Odontophorus capueira / Affected / Endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / High Lands / Large ground insect. and frug.
Philydor lichtensteini / Affected / Endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / High / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Schiffornis virescens / Affected / Endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / High Lands / Understory omnivores
Laniisoma elegans / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Low / High Lands / Understory omnivores
Chamaeza campanisona / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / High Lands / Large ground insect. and frug.
Crypturellus obsoletus / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / High Lands / Large ground insect. and frug.
Trogon rufus / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Low / Low Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.

Appendix 2 – continuation

Species / Sensitivity / Endemism / Limit of Distribution / Type of forest / Relative abundance / Center of abundance / Guilds
Herpsilochmus atricapillus / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / High / Low Lands / Canopy insectivores
Piprites chloris / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Canopy insectivores
Habia rubica / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Understory omnivores
Turdus albicollis / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Understory omnivores
Lurocalis semitorquatus / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Low / Low Lands / NA
Amazona amazonica / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.
Celeus flavescens / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Large Canopy insectivores
Cissopis leverianus / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Manacus manacus / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Understory omnivores
Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 5 - 6 / High / High Lands / Canopy insectivores
Dysithamnus mentalis / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / High / High Lands / Understory insectivores
Platyrinchus mystaceus / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / High Lands / Understory insectivores
Micrastur ruficollis / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Carnivores
Notharcus swainsoni / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Large Canopy insectivores
Corythopis delalandi / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / High / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Leptopogon amaurocephalus / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Sirystes sibilator / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Low / Low Lands / Canopy insectivores
Pionus maximiliani / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / High Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.
Basileuterus culicivorus / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / High Lands / Understory insectivores
Xiphocolaptes albicollis / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Low / High Lands / Understory insectivores
Xenops rutilans / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / High Lands / Canopy insectivores
Dendrocolaptes platyrostris / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Understory inseticvores

Appendix 2 – continuation

Species / Sensitivity / Endemism / Limit of Distribution / Type of forest / Relative abundance / Center of abundance / Guilds
Cacicus haemorrhous / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores
Claravis pretiosa / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores
Leptotila rufaxilla / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores
Crypturellus tataupa / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Large ground insect. and frug.
Parula pitiayumi / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 5 - 6 / High / High Lands / Canopy insectivores
Sittasomus griseicapillus / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 5 - 6 / High / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Vireo chivi / Affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 5 - 6 / High / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores
Synallaxis frontalis / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Edge insectivores
Taraba major / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Myiarchus tyrannulus / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 5 - 6 / Medium / Low Lands / Edge insectivores
Amazona aestiva / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.
Patagioenas picazuro / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / High / Low Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.
Myiopagis caniceps / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Canopy insectivores
Pitangus sulphuratus / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / High / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores
Elanoides forficatus / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Low / Low Lands / Carnivores
Cyanocorax chrysops / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.
Colaptes melanochloros / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Large Canopy insectivores
Ictinia plumbea / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Large Canopy insectivores
Myiarchus ferox / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Edge insectivores
Cyclarhis gujanensis / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Canopy insectivores
Myiopagis viridicata / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Canopy insectivores
Icterus cayanensis / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores

Appendix 2 – continuation

Species / Sensitivity / Endemism / Limit of Distribution / Type of forest / Relative abundance / Center of abundance / Guilds
Thraupis sayaca / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores
Aramides cajanea / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Large ground insect. and frug.
Leptotila verreauxi / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 5 - 6 / High / High Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores
Patagioenas cayennensis / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 5 - 6 / High / Low Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.
Piaya cayana / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 5 - 6 / High / Low Lands / Large Canopy insectivores
Cnemotriccus bimaculatus / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 5 - 6 / Medium / Low Lands / Edge insectivores
Coccyzus melacoryphus / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 5 - 6 / Medium / Low Lands / Edge insectivores
Megarynchus pitangua / Benefited / Non-endemic / 200 km / 5 - 6 / Medium / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores
Myiornis auricularis / Non-affected / Endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Edge insectivores
Melanerpes flavifrons / Non-affected / Endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Canopy insectivores
Conopophaga lineata / Non-affected / Endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / High Lands / Understory insectivores
Basileuterus flaveolus / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / High Lands / Understory insectivores
Ara chloropterus / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.
Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / High / Low Lands / Edge insectivores
Casiornis rufus / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Dromococcyx pavoninus / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Low / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Todirostrum plumbeiceps / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / High Lands / Edge insectivores
Galbula ruficauda / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Picumnus albosquamatus / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Canopy insectivores
Thamnophilus pelzelni / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 5 - 6 / High / Low Lands / Edge insectivores
Momotus momota / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 5 - 6 / High / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Brotogeris chiriri / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / High Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores

Appendix 2 – continuation

Species / Sensitivity / Endemism / Limit of Distribution / Type of forest / Relative abundance / Center of abundance / Guilds
Penelope superciliaris / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.
Ramphastos toco / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.
Tityra cayana / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.
Tityra inquisitor / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / Medium / Low Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.
Thamnophilus doliatus / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 1 - 2 / High / Low Lands / Edge insectivores
Thamnophilus caerulescens / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / High Lands / Understory insectivores
Colonia colonus / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / High Lands / Canopy insectivores
Micrastur semitorquatus / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Low / Low Lands / Carnivores
Aratinga leucophthalma / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.
Pteroglossus castanotis / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Large Canopy Frug. and Omn.
Melanerpes candidus / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Low / Low Lands / Large Canopy insectivores
Arremon flavirostris / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Edge insectivores
Crotophaga major / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Edge insectivores
Legatus leucophaius / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Edge insectivores
Lathrotriccus euleuri / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Understory insectivores
Conirostrum speciosum / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Canopy insectivores
Myiarchus swainsoni / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Canopy insectivores
Pachyramphus polychopterus / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Canopy insectivores
Veniliornis passerinus / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Canopy insectivores
Camptostoma obsoletum / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / Medium / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores
Coryphospingus cucullatus / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores

Appendix 2 – continuation

Species / Sensitivity / Endemism / Limit of Distribution / Type of forest / Relative abundance / Center of abundance / Guilds
Euphonia chlorotica / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores
Hemithraupis guira / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores
Myiodynastes maculatus / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores
Myiozetetes similis / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores
Saltator similis / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores
Turdus amaurochalinus / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores
Turdus leucomelas / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Edge frugivores and omnivores
Chlorostilbon lucidus / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / NA
Glaucidium brasilianum / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 3 - 4 / High / Low Lands / Carnivores
Herpetotheres cachinnans / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 5 - 6 / Medium / Low Lands / Carnivores
Rupornis magnirostris / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 5 - 6 / High / Low Lands / Carnivores
Dryocopus lineatus / Non-affected / Non-endemic / 200 km / 5 - 6 / High / Low Lands / Large Canopy insectivores

Species not forest-dependent, observed occasionally, not regarded in the analysis:

Crypturellus parvirostris, Rhynchotus rufescens, Nothura maculosa, Syrigma sibilatrix, Cathartes aura, Coragyps atratus, Elanus leucurus, Polyborus plancus, Milvago chimachima, Aramus guarauna, Cariama cristata, Vanellus chilensis, Columbina talpacoti, Columbina squammata, Aratinga aurea, Crotophaga ani, Guira guira, Tapera naevia, Colaptes campestris, Furnarius rufus, Euscarthmus meloryphus, Donacobius atricapillus, Troglodytes aedon, Ammodramus humeralis, Emberizoides herbicola andSporophila angolensis.

Forest species which did not fit properly to the sampling methodology, not regarded in the analysis:

Caprimulgus rufus,Caprimulgus parvulus, Nyctidromus albicollis, Nyctiphrynus ocellatus, Sarcoramphus papa, Synallaxis ruficapilla, Gnorimopsar chopi, Nyctibius griseus ,Coereba flaveola, Pipra fasciicauda, Otus choliba, Phaethornis eurynome and Thalurania glaucopis.

NA – Not analyzed

Appendix 3 – Number of species (N) in the functional groups defined according to different criteria, Pontal do Paranapanema, southeastern Brazil.

Criteria / Functional Groups / N
Endemism / Endemic in A.F. / 19
Non-endemic / 100
Distribution / 200 km / 41
200 km / 78
Center of abundance / Low Lands / 94
High Lands / 25
Relative abundance / Low / 11
Medium / 59
High / 49
Type of forest / 1 - 2 / 44
3 - 6 / 75
Guilds / Carnivores / 6
Large Canopy Frugivores and Omnivores / 17
Large Canopy insectivores / 7
Edge insectivores / 13
Understory insectivores / 27
Canopy insectivores / 16
Edge frugivores and omnivores / 19
Understory omnivores / 6
Large ground insectivores and frugivores / 6
Abundance in the control sites / High / 59
Low / 60

Appendix 4– Ranked models of the variation of the number of affected bird species in relation to functional groups’ predictive variables in the fragmented landscape of Pontal do Paranapanema region, southeastern Brazil.Pseudo R2 – pseudo coefficients of determination; AICc – the model distance to the “real” model; Δ AICc relative difference to the value of AICc of the best model; wAICc – Akaike’s weight, which is the chance for the model to be selected; Evidence ratio – relative ratio regarding the weight (w AICc ) of the best model.

Variable 1 / Variable 2 / AICc / ΔAICc / wAIC / Evidence ratio
Center of abundance / Type of forest / 231.7 / 0.00 / 0.47 / 1.0
Endemism / Type of forest / 233.9 / 2.16 / 0.16 / 2.9
Center of abundance / Endemism / 234.3 / 2.56 / 0.13 / 3.6
Center of abundance / Distribution / 235.8 / 4.15 / 0.06 / 8.0
Understory insectivores / Type of forest / 236.6 / 4.95 / 0.04 / 11.9
Endemism / Understory insectivores / 237.1 / 5.36 / 0.03 / 14.6
Center of abundance / Understory insectivores / 237.6 / 5.95 / 0.02 / 19.6
Distribution / Endemism / 238.0 / 6.28 / 0.02 / 23.1
Abundance on the control / Endemism / 238.7 / 7.02 / 0.01 / 33.5
Endemism / Endemism / 239.4 / 7.69 / 0.01 / 46.7
Distribution / Type of forest / 239.6 / 7.87 / 0.01 / 51.2
Relative abundance / Endemism / 240.0 / 8.28 / 0.01 / 62.7
Distribution / Understory insectivores / 241.0 / 9.30 / 0.00 / 104.5
Type of forest / Type of forest / 241.8 / 10.07 / 0.00 / 153.4
Abundance on the control / Type of forest / 241.8 / 10.09 / 0.00 / 155.2
Abundance on the control / Distribution / 242.0 / 10.26 / 0.00 / 168.7
Endemism / Canopy insectivores / 242.8 / 11.13 / 0.00 / 261.1
Endemism / Large Canopy Frugivores and Omnivores / 243.0 / 11.32 / 0.00 / 287.0
Relative abundance / Center of abundance / 243.3 / 11.60 / 0.00 / 330.3
Large Canopy Frugivores and Omnivores / Type of forest / 243.5 / 11.77 / 0.00 / 360.0
Abundance on the control / Center of abundance / 244.0 / 12.32 / 0.00 / 472.8
Center of abundance / Center of abundance / 244.1 / 12.42 / 0.00 / 497.0
Distribution / Distribution / 244.9 / 13.25 / 0.00 / 754.7
Canopy insectivores / Type of forest / 245.4 / 13.68 / 0.00 / 934.6
Relative abundance / Type of forest / 245.4 / 13.68 / 0.00 / 936.3
Understory insectivores / Understory insectivores / 245.4 / 13.71 / 0.00 / 946.3
Relative abundance / Understory insectivores / 245.6 / 13.86 / 0.00 / 1020.1
Endemism / Edge frugivores and omnivores / 246.8 / 15.09 / 0.00 / 1895.3
Abundance on the control / Understory insectivores / 246.8 / 15.11 / 0.00 / 1909.1
Center of abundance / Large Canopy Frugivores and Omnivores / 247.7 / 16.04 / 0.00 / 3038.2
Relative abundance / Distribution / 247.8 / 16.07 / 0.00 / 3090.7
Center of abundance / Canopy insectivores / 247.9 / 16.16 / 0.00 / 3224.3
Understory insectivores / Canopy insectivores / 248.3 / 16.57 / 0.00 / 3966.7
Distribution / Canopy insectivores / 248.7 / 16.98 / 0.00 / 4861.5
Distribution / Large Canopy Frugivores and Omnivores / 249.0 / 17.30 / 0.00 / 5706.2
Edge frugivores and omnivores / Type of forest / 249.1 / 17.36 / 0.00 / 5896.8
Large Canopy Frugivores and Omnivores / Understory insectivores / 249.9 / 18.18 / 0.00 / 8844.8
Center of abundance / Edge frugivores and omnivores / 250.3 / 18.61 / 0.00 / 11007.8
Relative abundance / Abundance on the control / 250.4 / 18.66 / 0.00 / 11268.5
Distribution / Edge frugivores and omnivores / 251.1 / 19.39 / 0.00 / 16218.9
Understory insectivores / Edge frugivores and omnivores / 251.4 / 19.66 / 0.00 / 18605.8
Abundance on the control / Abundance on the control / 252.0 / 20.32 / 0.00 / 25911.0
Relative abundance / Relative abundance / 253.6 / 21.90 / 0.00 / 56834.2
Abundance on the control / Large Canopy Frugivores and Omnivores / 255.0 / 23.28 / 0.00 / 113805.1
Abundance on the control / Canopy insectivores / 255.5 / 23.78 / 0.00 / 146028.8
Abundance on the control / Edge frugivores and omnivores / 255.6 / 23.93 / 0.00 / 157504.6
Canopy insectivores / Canopy insectivores / 257.1 / 25.38 / 0.00 / 323993.8
Large Canopy Frugivores and Omnivores / Large Canopy Frugivores and Omnivores / 257.2 / 25.49 / 0.00 / 343416.0
Edge frugivores and omnivores / Edge frugivores and omnivores / 257.3 / 25.59 / 0.00 / 360747.6
Relative abundance / Canopy insectivores / 257.4 / 25.71 / 0.00 / 382798.4
Relative abundance / Large Canopy Frugivores and Omnivores / 257.7 / 25.96 / 0.00 / 433434.2
Relative abundance / Edge frugivores and omnivores / 259.4 / 27.72 / 0.00 / 1045980.0
Large Canopy Frugivores and Omnivores / Edge frugivores and omnivores / 260.8 / 29.08 / 0.00 / 2058556.0
Large Canopy Frugivores and Omnivores / Canopy insectivores / 261.0 / 29.26 / 0.00 / 2260495.0
Canopy insectivores / Edge frugivores and omnivores / 261.4 / 29.67 / 0.00 / 2771039.0

Appendix 5 – The best models (ΔAICc < 2) of richness variation for non-affected bird functional groups in the fragmented landscape of Pontal do Paranapanema region, southeastern Brazil.Pseudo R2 – pseudo coefficients of determination; AICc – the model distance to the “real” model; Δ AICc relative difference to the value of AICc of the best model; wAICc – Akaike’s weight, which is the chance for the model to be selected; Evidence ratio – relative ratio regarding the weight (w AICc ) of the best model.

Models / Variables / Pseudo R2 / AICc / ΔAICc / wAIC / Evidence ratio
Non-endemic / md6 / prox / 0.13 / 157.00 / 0.00 / 0.28 / 1.00
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / 158.00 / 1.26 / 0.15 / 1.88
md2 / area+prox / 0.18 / 158.00 / 1.30 / 0.15 / 1.92
md4 / prox+fat1 / 0.17 / 158.00 / 1.52 / 0.13 / 2.14
md5 / area / 0.06 / 159.00 / 1.96 / 0.11 / 2.67
2 types of forest / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / 148.00 / 0.00 / 0.25 / 1.00
md6 / prox / 0.09 / 148.00 / 0.31 / 0.21 / 1.17
md7 / fat1 / 0.06 / 149.00 / 0.95 / 0.16 / 1.61
md5 / area / 0.05 / 149.00 / 1.37 / 0.13 / 1.98
md4 / prox+fat1 / 0.14 / 150.00 / 1.89 / 0.10 / 2.58
Medium abundance / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / 128.00 / 0.00 / 0.24 / 1.00
md6 / prox / 0.16 / 128.00 / 0.20 / 0.22 / 1.10
md5 / area / 0.11 / 129.00 / 0.98 / 0.15 / 1.63
md7 / fat1 / 0.10 / 129.00 / 1.17 / 0.13 / 1.79
md2 / area+prox / 0.25 / 129.00 / 1.71 / 0.10 / 2.35
md4 / prox+fat1 / 0.23 / 130.00 / 1.98 / 0.09 / 2.69
High abundance / md5 / area / 0.19 / 132.00 / 0.00 / 0.31 / 1.00
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / 133.00 / 1.25 / 0.16 / 1.87
md2 / area+prox / 0.26 / 133.00 / 1.57 / 0.14 / 2.20
md7 / fat1 / 0.10 / 134.00 / 1.98 / 0.11 / 2.69
Low lands / md6 / prox / 0.16 / 151.00 / 0.00 / 0.38 / 1.00
md4 / prox+fat1 / 0.21 / 153.00 / 1.58 / 0.17 / 2.20
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / 153.00 / 1.96 / 0.14 / 2.67
200 km / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / 147.00 / 0.00 / 0.25 / 1.00
md6 / prox / 0.10 / 148.00 / 0.08 / 0.24 / 1.04
md5 / area / 0.06 / 149.00 / 1.24 / 0.13 / 1.86
md7 / fat1 / 0.06 / 149.00 / 1.27 / 0.13 / 1.89
md2 / area+prox / 0.15 / 149.00 / 1.84 / 0.10 / 2.51
md4 / prox+fat1 / 0.15 / 149.00 / 1.97 / 0.09 / 2.68
Carnivores / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / 61.70 / 0.00 / 0.44 / 1.00
md5 / area / 0.13 / 63.30 / 1.58 / 0.20 / 2.21
Large Canopy Frugivores and Omnivores / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / 106.00 / 0.00 / 0.31 / 1.00
md5 / area / 0.24 / 106.00 / 0.64 / 0.23 / 1.38
md7 / fat1 / 0.15 / 107.00 / 1.39 / 0.16 / 2.01
Large Canopy insectivores / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / 79.70 / 0.00 / 0.37 / 1.00
md7 / fat1 / 0.15 / 81.00 / 1.34 / 0.19 / 1.95
md6 / prox / 0.13 / 81.20 / 1.57 / 0.17 / 2.19
Edge insectivores / md5 / area / 0.31 / 94.60 / 0.00 / 0.28 / 1.00
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / 94.70 / 0.08 / 0.26 / 1.04
md7 / fat1 / 0.22 / 95.40 / 0.84 / 0.18 / 1.52
Canopy insectivores / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / 112.00 / 0.00 / 0.50 / 1.00
Edge frugivores and omnivores / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / 53.90 / 0.00 / 0.45 / 1.00
md5 / area / 0.18 / 55.60 / 1.68 / 0.19 / 2.32

Appendix 6 – The best models (ΔAICc < 2) of species abundance variation in the fragmented landscape of Pontal do Paranapanema region, southeastern Brazil.Pseudo R2 – pseudo coefficients of determination; AICc – the model distance to the “real” model; Δ AICc relative difference to the value of AICc of the best model; wAICc – Akaike’s weight, which is the chance for the model to be selected; Evidence ratio – relative ratio regarding the weight (w AICc ) of the best model.

Species / Sensitivity / Models / Variables / PseuR2 / AICc / ΔAICc / wAIC / Evidence ratio
Pionus maximiliani / af / md5 / AREA / 0.15 / -62.50 / 0.00 / 0.32 / 1.00
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -61.70 / 0.81 / 0.22 / 1.50
md7 / VEG / 0.09 / -61.10 / 1.37 / 0.16 / 1.99
Galbula ruficauda / af / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -50.00 / 0.00 / 0.50 / 1.00
Lurocalis semitorquatus / af / md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.66 / -99.80 / 0.00 / 0.67 / 1.00
md1 / AREA+PROX+VEG / 0.68 / -97.90 / 1.84 / 0.27 / 2.51
Xiphocolaptes albicollis / af / md5 / AREA / 0.46 / -63.90 / 0.00 / 0.56 / 1.00
md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.49 / -62.20 / 1.69 / 0.24 / 2.33
Celeus flavescens / af / md5 / AREA / 0.18 / -46.70 / 0.00 / 0.33 / 1.00
md7 / VEG / 0.12 / -45.00 / 1.75 / 0.14 / 2.39
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -44.90 / 1.78 / 0.14 / 2.44
md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.23 / -44.90 / 1.86 / 0.13 / 2.53
Dysithamnus mentalis / af / md5 / AREA / 0.47 / -4.24 / 0.00 / 0.64 / 1.00
Herpsilochmus atricapillus / af / md5 / AREA / 0.37 / 3.42 / 0.00 / 0.64 / 1.00
Pyrrhura frontalis / af / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -72.10 / 0.00 / 0.29 / 1.00
md5 / AREA / 0.11 / -72.10 / 0.02 / 0.29 / 1.01
md7 / VEG / 0.06 / -70.70 / 1.38 / 0.14 / 1.99
Baryphthengus ruficapillus / af / md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.63 / 2.43 / 0.00 / 0.44 / 1.00
md5 / AREA / 0.56 / 2.86 / 0.43 / 0.35 / 1.24
Basileuterus culicivorus / af / md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.40 / -20.29 / 0.00 / 0.48 / 1.00
md5 / AREA / 0.28 / -19.34 / 0.95 / 0.30 / 1.61
Platyrinchus mystaceus / af / md5 / AREA / 0.26 / -54.00 / 0.00 / 0.54 / 1.00
Cacicus haemorrhous / af / md5 / AREA / 0.16 / -44.30 / 0.00 / 0.37 / 1.00
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -43.10 / 1.16 / 0.21 / 1.78
Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus / af / md5 / AREA / 0.30 / -18.45 / 0.00 / 0.47 / 1.00
md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.37 / -17.53 / 0.91 / 0.30 / 1.58
Trogon surrucura / af / md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.51 / -38.40 / 0.00 / 0.59 / 1.00
Sittasomus griseicapillus / af / md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.54 / -48.30 / 0.00 / 0.65 / 1.00
Myiopagis caniceps / af / md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.46 / -117.00 / 0.00 / 0.43 / 1.00
md5 / AREA / 0.37 / -116.00 / 0.61 / 0.32 / 1.36
Trogon rufus / af / md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.60 / -103.30 / 0.00 / 0.71 / 1.00
Procnias nudicollis / af / md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.64 / -44.80 / 0.00 / 0.71 / 1.00
Pyriglena leucoptera / af / md5 / AREA / 0.47 / -52.60 / 0.00 / 0.44 / 1.00
md2 / AREA+PROX / 0.52 / -52.10 / 0.53 / 0.34 / 1.30
Dendrocolaptes platyrostris / af / md5 / AREA / 0.23 / -43.80 / 0.00 / 0.43 / 1.00
md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.28 / -42.10 / 1.66 / 0.19 / 2.30
Crypturellus tataupa / af / md5 / AREA / 0.31 / 20.8 / 0 / 0.61169 / 1.00
Aratinga leucophthalma / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -54.80 / 0.00 / 0.43 / 1.00
Ramphastos toco / naf / md7 / VEG / 0.20 / -80.70 / 0.00 / 0.36 / 1.00
md4 / PROX+VEG / 0.26 / -79.30 / 1.41 / 0.18 / 2.02
Thamnophilus pelzelni / naf / md7 / VEG / 0.22 / 29.80 / 0.00 / 0.45 / 1.00
md4 / PROX+VEG / 0.27 / 31.50 / 1.69 / 0.19 / 2.33
Penelope superciliaris / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -72.40 / 0.00 / 0.49 / 1.00
Conopophaga lineata / naf / md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.27 / 5.95 / 0.00 / 0.34 / 1.00
md7 / VEG / 0.12 / 7.14 / 1.19 / 0.19 / 1.81
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / 7.19 / 1.24 / 0.18 / 1.86
Myiornis auricularis / naf / md6 / PROX / 0.13 / -7.66 / 0.00 / 0.34 / 1.00
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -7.31 / 0.34 / 0.29 / 1.19
Euphonia chlorotica / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -43.90 / 0.00 / 0.48 / 1.00
Glaucidium brasilianum / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -45.80 / 0.00 / 0.43 / 1.00
Picumnus albosquamatus / naf / md6 / PROX / 0.15 / -49.40 / 0.00 / 0.40 / 1.00
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -48.50 / 0.93 / 0.25 / 1.59
Arremon flavirostris / naf / md7 / VEG / 0.13 / -23.60 / 0.00 / 0.34 / 1.00
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -23.30 / 0.25 / 0.30 / 1.13
Lathrotriccus euleuri / naf / md7 / VEG / 0.49 / -42.10 / 0.00 / 0.46 / 1.00
md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.53 / -41.00 / 1.15 / 0.26 / 1.78
md4 / PROX+VEG / 0.52 / -40.30 / 1.81 / 0.18 / 2.48
Tityra cayana / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -66.00 / 0.00 / 0.44 / 1.00
md7 / VEG / 0.05 / -64.40 / 1.58 / 0.20 / 2.20
Dryocopus lineatus / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -92.60 / 0.00 / 0.49 / 1.00
Pteroglossus castanotis / naf / md5 / AREA / 0.14 / -65.80 / 0.00 / 0.32 / 1.00
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -65.20 / 0.59 / 0.24 / 1.34
md7 / VEG / 0.07 / -64.10 / 1.75 / 0.13 / 2.40
Rupornis magnirostris / naf / md2 / AREA+PROX / 0.25 / -98.10 / 0.00 / 0.22 / 1.00
md6 / PROX / 0.14 / -98.00 / 0.13 / 0.20 / 1.07
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -97.40 / 0.72 / 0.15 / 1.43
md4 / PROX+VEG / 0.22 / -97.00 / 1.05 / 0.13 / 1.69
md5 / AREA / 0.10 / -96.90 / 1.14 / 0.12 / 1.77
Thamnophilus doliatus / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -23.30 / 0.00 / 0.28 / 1.00
md5 / AREA / 0.11 / -23.20 / 0.14 / 0.26 / 1.07
md7 / VEG / 0.05 / -21.80 / 1.53 / 0.13 / 2.15
md6 / PROX / 0.05 / -21.60 / 1.68 / 0.12 / 2.31
Ara chloropterus / naf / md4 / PROX+VEG / 0.32 / -69.30 / 0.00 / 0.32 / 1.00
md7 / VEG / 0.18 / -68.30 / 1.06 / 0.19 / 1.70
md6 / PROX / 0.17 / -68.00 / 1.35 / 0.16 / 1.96
Casiornis rufus / naf / md7 / VEG / 0.26 / -75.60 / 0.00 / 0.48 / 1.00
md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.29 / -73.60 / 1.95 / 0.18 / 2.65
Thamnophilus caerulescens / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / 12.40 / 0.00 / 0.34 / 1.00
md6 / PROX / 0.08 / 13.20 / 0.78 / 0.23 / 1.48
md7 / VEG / 0.03 / 14.40 / 1.96 / 0.13 / 2.67
Hemithraupis guira / naf / md7 / VEG / 0.20 / -85.40 / 0.00 / 0.36 / 1.00
md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.24 / -83.60 / 1.85 / 0.14 / 2.53
Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -37.20 / 0.00 / 0.39 / 1.00
md7 / VEG / 0.07 / -36.20 / 1.05 / 0.23 / 1.69
Tityra inquisitor / naf / md7 / VEG / 0.12 / -86.40 / 0.00 / 0.23 / 1.00
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -86.30 / 0.09 / 0.22 / 1.05
md5 / AREA / 0.11 / -86.20 / 0.17 / 0.21 / 1.09
md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.17 / -84.70 / 1.67 / 0.10 / 2.30
Turdus leucomelas / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -29.80 / 0.00 / 0.44 / 1.00
md7 / VEG / 0.04 / -28.10 / 1.70 / 0.19 / 2.34
Myiarchus swainsoni / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -115.00 / 0.00 / 0.46 / 1.00
md6 / PROX / 0.03 / -113.00 / 1.99 / 0.17 / 2.71
Basileuterus flaveolus / naf / md7 / VEG / 0.18 / -15.47 / 0.00 / 0.43 / 1.00
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -13.92 / 1.54 / 0.20 / 2.16
Chlorostilbon lucidus / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -79.20 / 0.00 / 0.41 / 1.00
md5 / AREA / 0.05 / -77.60 / 1.63 / 0.18 / 2.26
md7 / VEG / 0.03 / -77.30 / 1.95 / 0.16 / 2.65
Conirostrum speciosum / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -87.10 / 0.00 / 0.46 / 1.00
md7 / VEG / 0.04 / -85.30 / 1.81 / 0.18 / 2.48
Herpetotheres cachinnans / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -111.00 / 0.00 / 0.33 / 1.00
md5 / AREA / 0.09 / -110.00 / 0.69 / 0.24 / 1.41
md6 / PROX / 0.03 / -109.00 / 1.99 / 0.12 / 2.70
Micrastur semitorquatus / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -108.40 / 0.00 / 0.49 / 1.00
Momotus momota / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -5.52 / 0.00 / 0.47 / 1.00
Veniliornis passerinus / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -100.40 / 0.00 / 0.25 / 1.00
md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.22 / -100.10 / 0.30 / 0.22 / 1.16
md5 / AREA / 0.09 / -99.80 / 0.59 / 0.19 / 1.34
md7 / VEG / 0.05 / -98.90 / 1.53 / 0.12 / 2.15
Camptostoma obsoletum / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -100.40 / 0.00 / 0.47 / 1.00
Pachyramphus polychopterus / naf / md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -93.20 / 0.00 / 0.28 / 1.00
md7 / VEG / 0.11 / -93.00 / 0.16 / 0.26 / 1.08
md5 / AREA / 0.07 / -92.10 / 1.07 / 0.16 / 1.71
Amazona aestiva / b / md7 / VEG / 0.27 / -21.50 / 0.00 / 0.40 / 1.00
md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.32 / -20.10 / 1.40 / 0.20 / 2.02
md4 / PROX+VEG / 0.31 / -19.60 / 1.88 / 0.16 / 2.56
Patagioenas picazuro / b / md1 / AREA+PROX+VEG / 0.70 / 13.40 / 0.00 / 0.75 / 1.00
Leptotila verreauxi / b / md5 / AREA / 0.12 / 12.60 / 0.00 / 0.26 / 1.00
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / 12.70 / 0.09 / 0.25 / 1.05
md7 / VEG / 0.08 / 13.60 / 1.00 / 0.16 / 1.65
Cnemotriccus bimaculatus / b / md7 / VEG / 0.28 / 11.10 / 0.00 / 0.30 / 1.00
md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.36 / 11.70 / 0.58 / 0.22 / 1.33
md4 / PROX+VEG / 0.34 / 12.10 / 1.07 / 0.17 / 1.70
md1 / AREA+PROX+VEG / 0.41 / 13.00 / 1.96 / 0.11 / 2.66
Megarynchus pitangua / b / md5 / AREA / 0.33 / -22.50 / 0.00 / 0.59 / 1.00
Piaya cayana / b / md5 / AREA / 0.15 / -40.60 / 0.00 / 0.37 / 1.00
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -39.80 / 0.75 / 0.25 / 1.46
Cyanocorax chrysops / b / md5 / AREA / 0.14 / -15.30 / 0.00 / 0.27 / 1.00
md7 / VEG / 0.13 / -14.80 / 0.49 / 0.21 / 1.28
md0 / 1 / 0.00 / -14.50 / 0.73 / 0.19 / 1.44
md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.20 / -13.70 / 1.54 / 0.12 / 2.16
Pitangus sulphuratus / b / md2 / AREA+PROX / 0.39 / 10.00 / 0.00 / 0.36 / 1.00
md5 / AREA / 0.29 / 10.30 / 0.23 / 0.32 / 1.12
md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.34 / 11.90 / 1.86 / 0.14 / 2.54
Columba cayennensis / b / md5 / AREA / 0.20 / -44.60 / 0.00 / 0.19 / 1.00
md2 / AREA+PROX / 0.29 / -44.30 / 0.34 / 0.16 / 1.19
md7 / VEG / 0.18 / -44.20 / 0.45 / 0.16 / 1.25
md3 / AREA+VEG / 0.28 / -44.00 / 0.63 / 0.14 / 1.37
md4 / PROX+VEG / 0.27 / -43.60 / 0.99 / 0.12 / 1.64
md1 / AREA+PROX+VEG / 0.36 / -43.20 / 1.41 / 0.10 / 2.02
Colaptes melanochloros / b / md1 / AREA+PROX+VEG / 0.54 / -90.10 / 0.00 / 0.72 / 1.00
Cyclarhis gujanensis / b / md5 / AREA / 0.26 / -12.62 / 0.00 / 0.52 / 1.00
Myiarchus tyrannulus / b / md5 / AREA / 0.21 / -45.50 / 0.00 / 0.47 / 1.00

Appendix 7–Relative importance of a variable (ΣwAICc) for bird species abundance with different responses to habitat loss and fragmentation (af – affected, b – benefited, and naf – non-affected), considering the three covariates: patch size – AREA; patch isolation – PROX and vegetation structure – VEG. In bold are values equal or higher than 0.50. Pontal do Paranapanema region, southeastern Brazil.