Appendix 1: Definition of Variables Used in the Empirical Analysis

Appendix 1: Definition of variables used in the empirical analysis

Variable / Definition / Value/
measure / Expected sign
INCOME / Daily household income per capita. Sum of gross income from farm and off-farm sources. The local currency was converted into US$ equivalent at an exchange rate that prevailed at the time of survey (i.e. 1US$:Tshs1200). / US$ / Dependent
VULNER / Household vulnerability score that was constructed as presented under section 3.3.1. / Numeric index / Dependent
SEXHEAD / Sex of household head set as a dummy with 1 = female headed households; 0 = male headed households. / -: income
+: vulnerability
HHAGE / Age of household head. / Years / ±
HHAGESQ / Original age (HHAGE) squared / Years / -
HHSIZE / Size of the household in terms of total number of all household members. / Numbers / -
HSIZESQ / Size of the household squared to test for the presence of linearity with the dependent variable. / Numbers / ±
LABFC / Farm labour force as the number of adult members (of 15 years of age and above) who usually work on the farm. / Numbers / +: income
-: vulnerability
LABFSQ / Farm labour force squared to test for the presence of linearity with the dependent variable. / Numbers / ±
FAMEX. / Number of years the household head has farmed as an independent decision-maker. / Numbers / ±
FAMEXSQ / Squared farming experience aimed at evaluating the linearity trend. / Numbers / ±
CCANTH / The dummy constructed from the response by the farmers whether they believed climate change to be anthropogenic / 1= climate change is anthropogenic, 0=otherwise / +: income
-: vulnerability
EXTENS / The dummy that captured access to agricultural extension services / 1= accessed extension, 0=otherwise / +: income
-: vulnerability
TACADAP / The numerical composite index constructed by determining the ratio of the number of adopted tactical adaptation strategies to the total number of potential adaptation strategies in this category / Ratio / -: vulnerability
+: income
STRADAP / The numerical composite index constructed as the ratio of adopted number of adaptation strategies out of the total potential strategies related with agricultural water management such as soil and water conservation, irrigation; fertilizer application; and agro-forestry. / Ratio / -: vulnerability
+: income
LAND / This is the amount of farm land the household would access and manage. / Acres / ±
LANDSQ / The amount of accessible land squared was fitted in order to explore the linear influence of land on income poverty and vulnerability as the amount of accessible land increase substantially. / Acres / ±
POTLOC / The dummy of agro-climatic potential across localities / 1= high potential villages, 0 = drier villages. / -: vulnerability
+: income
OFFARM / The dummy of self-employment in off-farm activities / 1= heads engaged in off-farm; 0= otherwise / -: vulnerability
+: income
CREDIT / The dummy for credit access / 1= if accessed credit, 0= otherwise / -: vulnerability
+: income
WEALTHX / The long-term wealth measured in terms of assets based index. / Numeric index / -: vulnerability
+: income
WEALTHSQ / The squared wealth index was intentionally fitted to test the nature of relationship between wealth and both income poverty and vulnerability / Numeric index / -: vulnerability
+: income
HHEDUC / Household head education in years of schooling / Years / -: vulnerability
+: income