Runninghead: APAFORMATCITATION1
APA FormatCitation GuideWritingCenter
MoorparkCollege
APA Document Settings andDesign
Settings
•Typedanddouble-spaced.
•Usualfontis Times NewRoman, unless otherwise directed.Sizeis12 point.
•Setmarginsto 1 inch onall sides.
•Include atitle page(your Title Pagecountsaspage 1).
•Include arunning head (ashort version ofthetitle, maximum 50 characters) in the upperlefthandheaderofeachpage.Onthecoverpageandintheheader,typethephraseRunninghead:and then type the abbreviated title in ALLCAPS.On subsequentpages, onlytypetheabbreviated title (in ALL CAPS).
•Number pages consecutively, beginningwith thetitle page,aspart of theheader in theupperrightcorner of each page.
•Double-space between lines
•Afterasentence,usetwospacesaftertheperiod.However,inthe“References”sectioncitations,useone space aftera period that separateseachcategoryof item.Ex: Author. (Date).Title.Publisher.
Contents fora Report ofExperimentalWork
1.Title Page
2.Abstract (if requestedbyfaculty)
3.Note:Table ofContents is no longeradvisedbyAPA; onlyinclude ifrequested byyourprofessor.
4.Introductorysection to include thefollowing: statement ofthe problem, hypothesis, relevantscholarship(literature review,whichmightbeaseparate section),andrelationship of thehypothesis to the researchdesign.
5.Methods:participants, samplingprocedures, sample size, measures, research design,experimental manipulations or interventions,ethics
6.Results:recruitment,statistics, and dataanalysis;ancillaryanalyses;participant flow;intervention ormanipulation; baseline data;furtherstatistics and analysisofmanipulations;adverseevents
7.Discussion:Evaluate andinterpret theresults; provide theoretical,clinical,or practicalsignificance;discuss problems remaining,avenues forfuturestudy,recommendations
8.References
9.Tablesand/orFigures, then Appendixes (ifnecessary)
Example
Hereis anexample of3 levels ofheading,
thelevels typicallyusedin undergradwork.
Citing a Webpage inaWebsite
To findwhatyouneedfor citingawebpage, lookat the Web-Page (the specific screen that containswhatyouare citing) as ifyou arelookingat a page(anarticle) in amagazine.Example:
Browser shows:
Tab shows:AmericanNursesAssociation, About Nursing
Screen shows:
1.Look for an author’s nameor aclearauthorship from an organization or agency.If noauthor isnamedand it is not clearthat the information is written byan organization, begin with just thetitle (see 2). In theexample,the author is The AmericanNurses Association (ANA).
2.Usetheheadingwithinthewebpageasthetitle.Intheexample,itisAboutNursing
3.Thename ofthewholewebsiteis no longercitedunless the webpage comes from a largewebsite with numerousweb-pages(i.e. major organizations such as the United Nations, or aUniversity)usethe nameof thewebsitethe way you would usethe name of amagazine orjournal.Thewebsiteinthissamplemaybeconsideredalargewebsite;thus,AmericanNursesAssociationis included in the citation.
4.Findthecopyrightdateorthelastupdateddate(ifyouhaveboth,thenuselastupdated).Intheexample, it is 2008. Notice that theyactuallyarecitingthemselvesfrom 2 separate itemsin thisdefinition and that theyinclude dates within the text, butyou would becitingthis webpage, notthe original text, which theyhave summarized.
5.Noteanyadditionalsubheadings. Forcitingin text,you usethe subheading andparagraphnumberafterthat subheadinginstead ofapagenumber.
6.Copythe url.
author
Here is what the citation ofthiswebpage would looklike inthe Referencespage:
AmericanNurses Association (ANA).(2008).Aboutnursing: ANA’s definition of nursing.
AmericanNurses Association.Retrievedfrom
Here is thesame sourcecited within text(ifIam citingthe first definition portion):
Firsttimecited:(AmericanNursesAssociation[ANA],2008,ANA’sDefinitionofNursing,para1).Subsequentcitations:(ANA,2008,ANA’sDefinitionofNursing,para1)
Sample CoverPage(Explanations shown in boxes. Size is reduced)
Adding Tablesto Your Document
When includingatableofdata,followtheseAPAguidelines:
I.Ensurethat the tablecanbe understood on its own
A.Provideatitle (initalics)for the tablethat is briefbut clear
B.Makedataheadingsunderstandable
C.Tryto match headingto thewidth of the dataentries
II.Numbereach tableyou provide(even ifyou onlyhave one)with Arabicnumbers (1. 2. 3.etc)
III.APA prefers theuse of horizontal rules(lines) and elimination of vertical rules wheneverpossible. Use generousand consistentspacingbetween entries.
IV.Double space the entiretable
Citing Information Usedin aTable
Ifinformation in acolumn comesfrom asource, then that information needs to be cited. Ifonlyoccasionalentries arefrom a source,you might citea reference at the endofeach sourcerelatedentry. Ifallitems in thecolumnarefrom asource, it would be cited muchasyouwould cite aparagraph, with a parenthetical citation after thecolumn head or column spanner, and thenprovideanotewithfullcitation.Ifallitemsinthetablecomefromasource, youmustcitethesourceentirelyatthefootofthetableorafterthetitleofthetablewithanote.
Example
Table 1.
2002 Findings of Body-MassIndex byAgeandGender
Ageof Population / ObesityRate(Daltron, 2004)Male / Female
6 – 11yrs / 33% / 31%
12 – 18yrs / 24% / 25%
19yrs+ / 59% / 61%
Note.Thedata in column2 arefromOur Overweight Children (p. 57), byS. Dalton, 2004,Berkeley, CA: UniversityofCaliforniaPress.
Explanation of this example
- AgeofPopulationisacolumnheading.
- 6–11yearsisanexampleofastub.
- ObesityRateisacolumnspanner.
- ThecolumnheadersMalesFemalesplacedunderObesityexemplifiesdeckedheads.
Sample of Within-Text Citations ina Paper with 3 Levels ofHeading
MANAGINGDIABETES2
ManagingDiabetes: Patient CarePlan for JaneSmith
JaneSmith(apseudonym) is an eight-year-old femalewho wasdiagnosedwith Type 1 diabetes onFebruary1,2008.Upuntilthattime,thediseasehadgoneunnoticed.Infact,Jane’smotherstated,“JanewasalwaysthechildI didn’tneedtoworryabout”(P.Smith,personalcommunication,February2,2008).Thesituation that led to the diagnosesand the days that followed that diagnoses provide a context for whatwill need to follow in the longterm control andmanagement oftheJane’sdisease.
A Management Team
Diabetesmaybethepatient’s disease, but the management ofthat diseaseis thedutyof a collectivethatincludesprofessionals and familymembers. Medicalscholarship (Lewis, Heitkemper,Dirksen,O’BrienBucher,2007) suggests that the care of thepatient would benefit from anall systemsapproach, that is,having a crossfunctionalteam of medical professionals and familymembers workingtogether to form atreatmentplan. This ideais supported byresearchconductedat Harvard Medical School (ascited inJones,2008),andexpressedbythe Nursing’sAgenda forthe Future, SteeringCommitteewhentheywrite,
“Collaborationisaprofessionalimperative”(2002,p.15).
Family
Thefamilytoo must joinin this collaborative effort, but the role ofthe familymaydifferbased on theage or stageof lifeof thepatient. Erik Erikson (1950/1993) proposed atheoryofpsychological stages ofdevelopmentthatcan help to informdecisions about how to involve family. For example, if Erikson’smodel is applied to a diabetic child who is school-age, he/shemayneed education in theskillof givinghis/herowninjectionsinordertosupportfeelingsofself-worth(p.52).Thisistypifiedinthestoryof
Charlize:
Charlizeis 7years old. Sheis a veryfun lovingenergeticgirl.... Shecan doherownfingerpokes, andCharlizewould love to meet a friend who also hasdiabetes. Sheis on ablueanimas 1250 pump. [sic.]which shelikesbetterthan shots.Thoseweretraumaticforher. Shecurrently[is]in second grade.(Zimbelman,2005,Charlize, para2)
MedicalPersonnel
A patientneedsmedicalteam in order to receive the care required for long-term managementof adisease,somethingespeciallytrue with diabetes. This group must includesomeone from the health insuranceindustry(HealthInsuranceInformation,2008,paras2–3),nurses,anutritionist,asocialworker,andadoctor.
Primary carephysician. Thekeyto Jane’s treatment is to identifyaprimarycarephysicianwho willserveto providea consistentcentral point of the trackingof Jane’sdisease.
SampleAPAReferencePage
Each entryis explained in the boxbeside the sample.
Notethatthe marginslooksmallerthan 1”duetothereduction ofthesizeofthissample.
MANAGINGDIABETES11References
Anderson,K.N.,Anderson,L.E.Glanze, W.D. (Eds.). (2005).Mosby'smedical, nursing,
allied health dictionary(6thed.). St.Louis,MO:Mosby/Elsevier.
Article accessedvialibrarydatabase.
Note:If itdoesnothave―doi‖usestableurl or the journal’surl / Bates,J.(2008,July9).Beingthere: Caringforpeople is a privilege.Nursing Standard, 22,
27-30. doi: 7233356791
.
/ Erikson,E.H.(1993). Childhood and society.NewYork, NY: Norton.(Originalworkpublished1950)
Freud, S. (2006). Analysis of aphobiain a five-year-old boy. InT.B. Pastor (Ed.) Classicreading in psychoanalysis.(pp.380-388). Houston, TX: UniversityPress. (ReprintedfromThestandard edition of the completepsychological works of Sigmund Freud,13, 1914,London,England:HogarthPress)
Healthinsurance information forpeoplewith diabetes. (2008).Retrieved from
Lewis,S.L.,Heitkemper, M., Dirksen, S., O’Brien, P.,Bucher,L. (2007).Medicalsurgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinicalproblems(7thed.). St.Louis, MO: MosbyElsevier.
Nursing’sAgendaforthe Future,SteeringCommittee. (2002). Nursing’s agenda for thefuture:A call to thenation. Whitepaperfrom the September 8 – 11, 20001 summit onNursing’sAgendafortheFuture.Retrievedfrom
Zimbelman, C. (2005, January4). CharlizeZ.Childrenwith diabetes. [Web logpost].Retrievedfrom
Misc. online sources
Concerns toKeep inMind and OtherExamples
Using a databasetodownload your citation
What InfoTracgivesyou:
Anthis, K S (Sept 2003).Testreactivity: does themeasurement ofidentityserveasanimpetusforidentityexploration?.Journal of Articles in Support of theNull
Hypothesis, 2, 2.p.86(7).RetrievedMarch 31, 2009, fromGeneral OneFile via Gale:
What APA wants:
Anthis, K. S. (2003,September). Test reactivity:Does the measurement ofidentityserve as animpetus foridentityexploration?Journal of Articles in Support of theNull
Hypothesis,2(2), 86 – 88. doi: 321987
OtherSampleReferences
Book authored by publisher
AmericanPsychiatric Association.(2000).Diagnosticand statisticalmanual of mentaldisorders(4th ed., text rev.).Washington, DC: Author.
Source with morethan 6 authors foratext cite sevenauthors, then useellipses andcite thefinalauthor.Thissamplealso shows anelectronicbook—note that the electronic versioninformationreplaces other publisherinformation:
Jones, P., Conner,K., Thomas, S., Partridge, C.Filmore, R., Bridges, K., Sarton, J…Phelps, M.(2008).Aging in the UnitedStates: An untruestory[DX Reader version]. Retrievedfrom
Single episodefroma TVseries:
Barnes, M. (Director/Producer).(2009,April 7).Doctors’ diaries [Televisionseries episode].InWGBH(Producers),NOVA.Boston,MA:PBS.
Film(state formatas Motion Picture,Video, orDVD):
Braschi,G.,Ferri,E.(Producers)Benigni,R.(Director/Writer).(1997). avitaella(Lifeisbeautiful) [DVD].Italy:MiramaxFilms.
Filmviewed online (stateasVideo file):
Braschi,G.,Ferri,E.(Producers)Benigni,R.(Director/Writer).(1997). avitaella(Lifeisbeautiful) [Video file]. Italy:MiramaxFilms.Available from