AP Psychology Review
Directions: In Pairs see if you know the difference between these commonly confused pairs. The answers to almost all of them are in order in the beginning
Independent Variable vs. Dependent Variable
Experiment Group vs. Control Group
Left Brain vs. Right Brain
Corpus Collosum vs. Cerebral Cortex
Sympathetic Nervous System vs. Parasympathetic
Neurotransmitters vs. Hormones
Lateral Hypothalamus vs. Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Broca’s Area vs. Wernicke’s Area
Identical Twins vs. Fraternal Twins
Afferent Neurons vs. Efferent Neurons
Assimilation vs. Accommodation
Concrete Operations vs. Formal Operations
Sensation vs. Perception
Rods vs. Cones
Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning
Primacy Effect vs. Recency Effect
Proactive Interference vs. Retroactive Interference
Implicit Memory vs. Explicit Memory
Recall Memory vs. Recognition Memory
Algorithms vs. Heuristics
Representative Heuristics vs. Availability Heuristics
Phonemes vs. Morphemes
Fluid Intelligence vs. Crystallized Intelligence
Validity vs. Reliability
Achievement Test vs. Aptitude Test
Intrinsic Motivation vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Theory Y vs. Theory X
Internal Locus vs. External Locus of Control
Type A vs. Type B
Naturalistic vs. Laboratory Observations
Negative Reinforcement vs. Punishment
Psychotherapy vs. Psychoanalytic
Schizophrenia vs. Dissociative Identity Disorder
Sensory vs. Motor Neurons
Positive vs. Negative Correlation
Obsession vs. Compulsions
James-Lange vs. Cannon-Bard
Nature vs. Nurture
Random Sample vs. Random Selection
CNS vs. PNS
Absolute vs. Difference Threshold
Authoritarian vs. Authoritative
Famous Contributors to Psychology and Experiments
In pairs try to guess what famous study and/or contribution they made to psychology.
Hawthorne Effect- humans being watched behave differently
Jean Piaget- stages of COGNITIVE Development
Erik Erikson- PsychoSOCIAL development (identity. Role confusion)
Lawrence Kohlberg- stages of MORAL development
Carol Gilligan- critic of Kohlberg, girls/boys differ in moral development
Konrad Lorenz- Imprinting, attachment of ducks with critical period
Harry Harlow- Attachment, monkeys preferred cloth mother
Mary Ainsworth- Strange Situation, Secure/Insecure Attachments
Eleanor Gibson Visual Cliff, crawling infants have depth perception
Hubel and Weisel Feature Detectors, specific cells for angles, lines, motion
Ernest Hilgard Hidden Observer in Hypnosis, Dissociation causes loss of sensation
Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning
John B. Watson Behaviorism, Little Albert
B.F. Skinner Operant Conditioning, Skinner Box, reinforcement/punishment
Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory, Bo-bo Doll, Social-Cognitive, self-efficacy
Wolfgang Kohler Insight Learning- Cognitive component to operant, Chimps stack boxes
Tolman- Latent Learning, rats run maze create cognitive maps.
Binet- 1st intelligence test, concept of mental age
Stanford-Binet Terman, most widely used intelligence test, IQ formula
James and Lange Physiological arousal followed by experiencing emotion
Cannon and Bard Physical Arousal/emotion same time
Schachter-Singer (Lazarus Experiment) physical arousal plus cognitive label then emotion
Maslow and Rogers Humanists, unconditional positive regard, client centered therapy
Aaron Beck Cognitive Therapy, change thinking
Albert Ellis Cognitive Rational Emotive Therapy, challenge logic of patient
Eysenck and Myers-Briggs Trait Perspective- introvert/extrovert
Hans-Selye Bodies response to stress (ARE)- Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
Solomon Asch Conformity, line study
Stanley Milgram Obedience- 63% go all the way
Muzafer Sherif Superordinate goals to alleviate prejudice
Elizabeth Loftus Constructive Memory, misinformation effect, false uncovered memories
Martin Seligman Positive Psychology, Learned Helplessness
Noam Chomsky Cognitive Linguist, Language Acquisition Device
Benjamin Whorf (Linguistic Hypothesis)- words affect
In pairs write as many terms/names/philosophies associated with the following perspectives: Humanist, Psychoanalytic, Cognitive, Behavioral.
Eclectic (using all perspectives to explain behavior is most common)