AP EXAM REVIEW SESSION – HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY I and II
ASSESSMENT QUIZ
1. A human kidney filters about 200 liters of blood each day. Approximately two liters of liquid and nutrient waste are excreted as urine. The remaining fluid and dissolved substances are reabsorbed and continue to circulate through the body. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted in response to reduced plasma volume. ADH targets the collecting ducts in the kidney, stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into their plasma membranes and an increased reabsorption of water. If ADH secretion is inhibited, which of the following would initially result?
a) The number of aquaporins would increase in response to the inhibition of ADH.
b) The person would decrease oral water intake to compensate for the inhibition of ADH.
c) Blood filtration would increase to compensate for the lack of aquaporins.
d) The person would produce greater amounts of dilute urine.
Questions 2 – 5
a) Antigens
b) Antibodies
c) Histamines
d) Eosinophils
e) Macrophages
2. Large phagocytic cells that engulf microbes
3. Proteins that bind antigens
4. Foreign molecules that elicit an immune response
5. Chemical signals released in response to injury
6. All of the following are first-line barriers against infectious agents EXCEPT
a) skin
b) nasal membranes
c) saliva
d) mucous secretions
e) phagocytes
7. An immune response to a specific antigen generates the production of which type of cell that launches an attack the next time that same antigen infects the body?
a) effector cells
b) memory cells
c) T cells
d) B cells
e) antibodies
8. The ball of capillaries that is associated with the nephron and associated with filtration in the kidney is
a) the Bowman’s capsule
b) the loop of Henle
c) the proximal tubule
d) the glomerulus
e) the distal tubule
9. The endocrine system incorporates feedback mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. Which of the following demonstrates negative feedback by the endocrine system?
a) During labor, the fetus exerts pressure on the uterine wall, inducing the production of oxytocin, which stimulates uterine wall contraction. The contractions cause the fetus to further push on the wall, increasing the production of oxytocin.
b) After a meal, blood glucose levels become elevated, stimulating beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin into the blood. Excess glucose is then converted to glycogen in the liver, reducing blood glucose levels.
c) At high elevation, atmospheric oxygen is less available. In response to signals that oxygen is low, the brain decreases an individual’s rate of respiration to compensate for the difference.
d) A transcription factor binds to the regulatory region of a gene, blocking the binding of another transcription factor required for expression.
10. Which of the following occurs in the immediate fight-or-flight response to danger or fear?
a) An increase in glycogen synthesis
b) An increase in digestive activity
c) Release of ACTH from the pituitary
d) An increase in glucose catabolism
e) A decrease in norepinephrine
Questions 11 – 14
a) Ovary
b) Thyroid gland
c) Posterior pituitary gland
d) Adrenal medulla
e) Pineal gland
11. Releases hormones that raise blood glucose level, increase metabolic activities, and constrict blood vessels
12. Releases hormones that are involved in biological rhythms
13. Releases hormones that stimulate and maintain metabolic processes
14. Releases hormones that stimulate the mammary gland cells and contraction of the uterus
15. During the fall, a chipmunk experiences a sustained period of cold weather. The chipmunk’s thyroid gland responds by secreting a greater quantity of thyroxin. Which of the following represents the most accurate pathway from the central nervous system (CNS) to the target cells?
a) CNS " hypothalamus " anterior pituitary " thyroid " thyroxin " target cells
b) CNS " adrenal medulla " thyroid " thyroxin " target cells
c) CNS " motor neurons " muscle cells " thyroxin " target cells
d) CNS " posterior pituitary " oxytocin " thyroid " thyroxin " target cells
e) CNS " pancreas " insulin " sugar into cells " target cells
16. Which of the following statements about the process of excretion in animals is correct?
a) Animals with closed circulatory systems usually have capillary beds associated with their excretory organs.
b) Aquatic animals usually secrete their nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid.
c) The contractile vacuole of a freshwater protozoan will become more active if the protozoan is placed in seawater.
d) Nephridia are found only in vertebrate animals.
e) In humans and other mammals, urea is produced in the kidneys.
17. The immediate inflammatory response to an excruciating paper cut does NOT include
a) release of histamine.
b) migration of phagocytes to the affected area.
c) stimulation of white blood cells.
d) production of a blood clot.
e) release of interferons.
18. Glucose is primarily reabsorbed in
a) Bowman’s capsule.
b) glomerulus.
c) proximal convoluted tubule.
d) distal convoluted tubule.
e) loop of Henle.
Questions 19 – 23.
a) B cells
b) Macrophages
c) Helper T cells
d) Cytotoxic T cells
e) Natural killer cells
19. Act as antigen-presenting cells
20. Responsible for humoral immunity
21. Bonds to class I MHC molecules
22. Secrete cytokines to stimulate other lymphocytes
23. Nonspecific cell that kills virus-infected cells by lysing them, not phagocytosing them
24. Once threshold potential is reached,
a) K+ channels open
b) Na+ channels close
c) an action potential is inevitable
d) the interior of the cell becomes negative with respect to the outside
e) All of the statements are correct
25. An individual’s humoral response to a particular antigen differs depending on whether or not the individual has been previously exposed to that antigen. Which of the following graphs properly represents the humoral response when an individual is exposed to the same antigen twice?
26. A pathogenic bacterium has been engulfed by a phagocytic cell as part of the non-specific (innate) immune response. Which of the following illustrations best represents the response?
27. Sequence the following events . . .
1. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites.
2. Calcium is released and binds to troponin.
3. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules and ATP.
5. An action potential in a motor neuron triggers the release of acetylcholine and the muscle fiber depolarizes.
a) 1-2-3-4-5
b) 2-3-4-1-5
c) 2-1-3-5-4
d) 5-3-2-1-4
e) 5-3-1-2-4
Questions 28-30.
Both myoglobin and hemoglobin are proteins that bind reversibly with molecular oxygen. The graph below shows the oxygen-binding saturation of each protein at different concentrations of oxygen.
28. Which of the following statements is correct?
a) At 10 mm Hg partial pressure, hemoglobin binds oxygen but myoglobin does not.
b) At 20 mm Hg partial pressure, myoglobin and hemoglobin bind oxygen in equal amounts.
c) At 40 mm Hg partial pressure, myoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin has.
d) At 80 mm Hg partial pressure, myoglobin binds twice as much oxygen as hemoglobin binds.
29. Strenuous exercise lowers the blood pH, causing the curves for both hemoglobin and myoglobin to shift to the right. This shift results in
a) An unloading of oxygen at higher partial pressures
b) An increase in the number of oxygen-binding sites
c) The capture of more oxygen by hemoglobin
d) The capture of more oxygen by myoglobin
30. Which of the following best describes the physiological significance of the different oxygen-binding capabilities of hemoglobin and myoglobin?
a) They prevent muscles from depleting oxygen levels in the blood.
b) They cause muscles to become anaerobic.
c) They prevent glycogen depletion in muscles.
d) They enhance movement of oxygen from the blood into the muscles.
Free-Response Question
Homeostatic maintenance of optimal blood glucose levels has been intensively studied in vertebrate organisms.
a) Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose levels. Identify TWO pancreatic hormones and describe the effect of each hormone on blood glucose levels.
b) For ONE of the hormones you identified in a), identify ONE target cell and discuss the mechanism by which the hormone can alter activity in that target cell. Include in your discussion a description of reception, cellular transduction, and response.
c) Compare the cell-signaling mechanisms of steroid hormones and protein hormones.