AP Bio Organismal Bio

Name: ______Period: ___ Date:______

  1. Regulation
  1. Homeostasis is maintained through hormones & nervous system control
  • hormone releasing gland, target cells, cell membrane receptors, secondary messengers, cellular response (produce enzyme or turn gene on)
  1. Digestive system
  1. function:
  • enzymatic breakdown of food, absorption, elimination
  • supports cellular respiration (fuel) & biosynthesis (raw materials)
  1. adaptations / evolutionary trends:
  • villi & microvilli = increase surface area for absorption
  • zymogens = protection from self-digestion
  • tooth structure, length of digestive system, number & size of stomachs
  • symbiotic bacteria (E. coli) in intestines to breakdown cellulose
  1. regulation:
  • insulin / glucagon control of blood sugar
  1. Respiratory System
  2. Function
  • exchange of O2 & CO2
  • supports cellular respiration
  • adaptations / evolutionary trends:
  • alveoli & gills = need moist membranes & increase surface area gas exchange
  • counter current gas exchange in gills
  1. Circulatory System
  2. function:
  • transport of O2, CO2, nutrients, cellular wastes, regulatory molecules, immune cells
  • supports cellular respiration & immune response
  • adaptations / evolutionary trends:
  • open vs. closed system
  • 2 3 4 chambers of heart = supports high metabolic output, endothermy (heatproduction), flight, increased body size
  • 4-chambered heart = double circulation (pulmonary & systemic)
  • countercurrent heat exchange
  • regulation:
  • “pacemaker” (SA node)
  1. Excretory system
  2. function:
  • water balance, filtration of blood, excretion of cellular nitrogenous waste (protein digestion)
  • adaptations / evolutionary trends:
  • based on osmosis, diffusion & active transport
  • reclaim water & solutes as needed, excrete urea
  • ammonia vs. urea vs, uric acid = type of waste product vs. habitat & type of organism
  • regulation:
  • ADH = reduces blood osmolarity (high solutes); osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
  1. Muscles
  2. function: locomotion
  3. structure:muscle cells, sarcomere, actin (thin) & myosin (thick) fibers, tropomyosin regulatoryprotein
  4. adaptations / evolutionary trends:
  • sliding filament system of muscle contraction
  • acetylcholine trigger, ATP, release & uptake of Ca+2 from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • regulation: mostly voluntary; acetylcholinesterase
  1. Immune
  2. function: protects body from attack by pathogens
  3. structure:
  • lymph system, leukocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, B cells, antibodies, T cells
  • adaptations / evolutionary trends:
  • innate, non-specific immunity = barrier defense, leukocytes, macrophages
  • acquired immunity = lymphocytes, antibodies, memory B & T cells
  • MHC proteins = antigen production
  • regulation:
  • histamines, prostaglandins, interleukins
  • miscellaneous:vaccinations trigger immune responseHIV outwits immune system
  1. Nervous System
  2. function: sensory input, motor function, regulation
  3. structure: neuron, axon, dendrites, synapse
  4. adaptations / evolutionary trends:
  • voltage gated channels & ion-gated channels
  • Na & K channels, Na/K pump, neurotransmitters
  • regulation:
  1. Reproduction
  2. function: produce & deliver gametes, nurture fetus
  3. structure:
  • testicles, penis, glands, sperm, ovaries, eggs, Fallopian tubes, uterus
  • adaptations / evolutionary trends:
  • aquatic egg vs. amniotic egg
  • external vs. internal fertilization; external vs. internal development (placenta)
  • sperm production vs. egg production (polar bodies)

d. regulation: FSH & LH, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, female monthly cycle

  1. Development
  2. function:
  • going from one-celled zygote to a multi-celled organism with differentiated tissues &organs
  • adaptations / evolutionary trends:
  • cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis
  • 3 tissues layers: body plan
  • ectoderm: skin, teeth, nails, nerves
  • mesoderm: bone, blood, muscle
  • endoderm: digestive system
  • differentiation: turning off some genes turning on others

Questions

  1. A jellyfish has only a mouth (no anus), apparently delivering ingested food directly into its intestine (or perhaps it has a stomach, but no intestine). I have seen jellyfish consume entire fish (small fish). How might digestion occur in such an organism
  1. Biological systems rely heavily on the properties of water movement. Excretion, digestion, and blood pressure are just a few examples of situations where water balance is important. Suppose you have a semi-permeable membrane that ONLY water can pass. On one side of the membrane you have 0.1 M CaCl2. On the other side of the membrane, you have 0.1 M Glucose.
  1. What is the osmolarity of 0.1 M CaCl2? ______
  2. In the above system, which way will water move? (circle one)

To the right To the left There will be no water movement

  1. Explain your answer.

Hemoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen for efficient delivery in many animals. Hemoglobin is made up of four subunits. Each subunit contains a heme group that binds to one oxygen molecule. The diagram on the right represents the binding efficiency of human adult hemoglobin at pH 7.6.

  1. How many oxygen molecules does human adult hemoglobin carry at pH 7.6 at a PO2 of 60 mm Hg?
  1. Oxygen must be able to be transferred from mother to fetus. What is true about a fetal hemoglobin binding curve (compared to adult hemoglobin)?
  1. It is shifted to the right.
  2. It is shifted to the left.
  3. It is at the exact same position as the mother's binding curve
  1. Where would you expect to find the partial pressure of oxygen to be lowest?
  1. In the air outside the mouth c. In the trachea
  2. In the lungs d. In the blood stream next to the alveoli
  1. In the production of gametes and reproductive hormones, regulation of pathways like the one shownin the diagram below is very important.
  1. Suppose a man has more Leydig cells than the average male usually does. What hormone would youexpect to see elevated in this man because he has moreLeydig cells?
  1. Suppose a new cancer drug has been discovered to havean unexpected side effect—it also binds to Inhibin and causes it to be nonfunctional. Compared to a normal male who hasnot used the drug, what effect will this have on
  2. Testosterone Production? Increase / Stay the Same / Decrease
  3. Sperm Production?Increase / Stay the Same / Decrease
  4. GnRH Production?Increase / Stay the Same / Decrease

Boyea 1