Ancient Pharmacology

Номинация «Научно-популярный текст»

Ancient pharmacology

Using plants and plant substances to treat all kinds of diseases and medical conditions is believed to date back to prehistoric medicine.

The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus, the oldest known medical text of any kind, dates to about 1800 BCE and represents the first documented use of any kind of medication. It and other medical papyri describe Ancient Egyptian medical practices, such as using honey to treat infections.

Ancient Babylonian medicine demonstrate the use of prescriptions in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. Medicinal creams and pills were employed as treatments.

On the Indian subcontinent, the Atharvaveda, a sacred text of Hinduism whose core dates from the 2nd millennium BCE, although the hymns recorded in it are believed to be older, is the first Indic text dealing with medicine. It describes plant-based medications to counter diseases.The earliest foundations of ayurveda were built on a synthesis of selected ancient herbal practices, together with a massive addition of theoretical conceptualizations, new nosologies and new therapies dating from about 400 BCE onwards. The student of Āyurveda was expected to know ten arts that were indispensable in the preparation and application of his medicines: distillation, operative skills, cooking, horticulture, metallurgy, sugar manufacture, pharmacy, analysis and separation of minerals, compounding of metals, and preparation of alkalis.

The Hippocratic Oath for physicians, attributed to 5th century BCE Greece, refers to the existence of "deadly drugs", and ancient Greek physicians imported medications from Egypt and elsewhere.

The first drugstores were created in Baghdad in the 8th century CE. The injection syringe was invented by Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili in 9th century Iraq. Al-Kindi's 9th century CE book, De Gradibus, developed a mathematical scale to quantify the strength of drugs.

The Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sina (Avicenna), who is considered the father of modern medicine,[21] reported 800 tested drugs at the time of its completion in 1025 CE.[citation needed] Ibn Sina's contributions include the separation of medicine from pharmacology, which was important to the development of the pharmaceutical sciences. Islamic medicine knew of at least 2,000 medicinal and chemical substances.

PHARMACOLOGY IN ANCIENT INDIA.

Drugs have been in use from times immemorial both for relief of pain and other symptoms and in the treatment disease. And early man has looked for them in fields, forests, oceans and on hill tops. While pharmacology as we understand it was not known before Rudolph Buchiem and Schmiedeberg in the second half of the nineteenth century established. Their famous departments in Germany, herbals and texts on materia medica have been known for thousands of years.

The earliest known record of drugs is to be found in the sacred texts of the Hindus, the Vedas. But a great deal more is found in other Hindu texts like the Kautilaya Arthashastra, the Samhitas, the Ashtang Hriday, and the Ashtang Sangrha, the large number of books on Ras Shastra and lastly the numerous Sighantus. The earliest extant repository is the Rig Veda and both this and Atharva Veda mention 260 herbals.

When one looks back to the progress made by western countries during the past 150 years, one is painfully concerned not only by India’s utter failure in this direction but actually by what may he called a position of regression from its relatively advanced state. India had the oldest and the best herbals and materia medica at this time. It was using biologicals and hormones for several thousand years before they made their appearance in the West. It was using metals in finely powdered form even in the Vedic times and preparations of mercury which was introduced in Europe by Paracelsus at a much later date, from the seventh century A. D. onwards. Yet by remaining priest ridden and authoritarian and reasoning by ‘the heart’ and not by ‘the brain’, it lost to the Western countries in the race for development and progress.

Fifty years ago when the writer of the present paper was a medical student, there were very few therapeutic agents of repute known to a practitioner of modern medicine. The physician of scientific medicine, although capable of making better diagnosis than his Ayurvedic counterpart, was not in a very superior position, so far as therapeutic help to the patient was concerned. But during the last 50 years the picture has completely changed.

The scientific practitioner of medicine has hundreds of effective and useful drugs most of which have been synthesized by the organic chemist in the laboratory. During this same period, only a few useful agents like ephedrine and reserpine have been added from the plant sources. What is intended to be conveyed is not that research in drugs of plant origin is unnecessary, but that research in the organic fields is less expensive, less laborious and more rewarding. In this country research in indigenous drugs need careful thinking and re-organization. There is great need to create chairs of indigenous drug research in properly staffed and equipped departments of pharmacology in the country.

Номинация «Поэтический перевод»

TRIBUTE TO DOCTORS

A doctor has a special call

He or she must minister to all

The Hypocratic oath he makes

To do no harm to those he takes

His studies does not end there

New methods come up everywhere

Much time is put in every day

To meet the demands that come his way

To be a friend to all is no small task

In all he does, he must come last

It is complete dedication to his duty

Responsibility to his patients asked

Late hours, long days are his plight

Compasion and love are his life

To God he answers for decisions

Based on knowledge and considerations

Tribute to a Pediatrician

As a Pediatric Doctor

There's a special gift you hold

One that's honored in the heavens

Way beyond the finest gold

Way beyond the finest silver

Or the finest piece of art

Is this gift that you've been given

To an ill or injured heart

To a heart in need of comfort

Need of empathy and peace

You are like a light in darkness

Causing pain and fear to cease

For there is no greater comfort

that a suffering child can feel

Than to know how much you love them

In the midst of their ordeal

In the midst of every crisis

You are there to make them whole

You are there to ease their suffering

It's a passion in your soul

It's a passion without measure

One there is no equal to

And the reason why the heavens

Take the time to honor you

See there is no higher calling

that a doctor can fulfill

Than to care for injured children

Be their voice, and peace instill

Peace in knowing you'll protect them

Do what's right, though they can't speak

Treat each symptom that arises

Every day, of every week

So above this earthly planet

As a tribute to your name

Hangs a stethoscope of crystal

In a diamond covered frame

And this frame is a reflection

Of the gift you hold inside

As a "Healer of the Children"

You're Forever Heaven's Pride.

Номинация «Художественная проза»

Extract from «Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog)» by Jerome K. Jerome

I remember going to the BritishMuseum one day to read up the treatment for some slight ailment of which I had a touch - hay fever, I fancy it was. I got down the book, and read all I came to read; and then, in an unthinking moment, I idly turned the leaves, and began to indolently study diseases, generally. I forget which was the first distemper I plunged into - some fearful, devastating scourge, I know - and, before I had glanced half down the list of "premonitory symptoms," it was borne in upon me that I had fairly got it.

I sat for awhile, frozen with horror; and then, in the listlessness of despair, I again turned over the pages. I came to typhoid fever - read the symptoms - discovered that I had typhoid fever, must have had it for months without knowing it - wondered what else I had got; turned up St. Vitus's Dance - found, as I expected, that I had that too, - began to get interested in my case, and determined to sift it to the bottom, and so started alphabetically - read up ague, and learnt that I was sickening for it, and that the acute stage would commence in about another fortnight. Bright's disease, I was relieved to find, I had only in a modified form, and, so far as that was concerned, I might live for years. Cholera I had, with severe complications; and diphtheria I seemed to have been born with. I plodded conscientiously through the twenty-six letters, and the only malady I could conclude I had not got was housemaid's knee.

I felt rather hurt about this at first; it seemed somehow to be a sort of slight. Why hadn't I got housemaid's knee? Why this invidious reservation? After a while, however, less grasping feelings prevailed. I reflected that I had every other known malady in the pharmacology, and I grew less selfish, and determined to do without housemaid's knee. Gout, in its most malignant stage, it would appear, had seized me without my being aware of it; and zymosis I had evidently been suffering with from boyhood. There were no more diseases after zymosis, so I concluded there was nothing else the matter with me.

I sat and pondered. I thought what an interesting case I must be from a medical point of view, what an acquisition I should be to a class! Students would have no need to "walk the hospitals," if they had me. I was a hospital in myself. All they need do would be to walk round me, and, after that, take their diploma.

Then I wondered how long I had to live. I tried to examine myself. I felt my pulse. I could not at first feel any pulse at all. Then, all of a sudden, it seemed to start off. I pulled out my watch and timed it. I made it a hundred and forty-seven to the minute. I tried to feel my heart. I could not feel my heart. It had stopped beating. I have since been induced to come to the opinion that it must have been there all the time, and must have been beating, but I cannot account for it. I patted myself all over my front, from what I call my waist up to my head, and I went a bit round each side, and a little way up the back. But I could not feel or hear anything. I tried to look at my tongue. I stuck it out as far as ever it would go, and I shut one eye, and tried to examine it with the other. I could only see the tip, and the only thing that I could gain from that was to feel more certain than before that I had scarlet fever.

I had walked into that reading-room a happy, healthy man. I crawled out a decrepit wreck.

I went to my medical man. He is an old chum of mine, and feels my pulse, and looks at my tongue, and talks about the weather, all for nothing, when I fancy I'm ill; so I thought I would do him a good turn by going to him now. "What a doctor wants," I said, "is practice. He shall have me. He will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred of your ordinary, commonplace patients, with only one or two diseases each." So I went straight up and saw him, and he said:

"Well, what's the matter with you?"

I said:

"I will not take up your time, dear boy, with telling you what is the matter with me. Life is brief, and you might pass away before I had finished. But I will tell you what is not the matter with me. I have not got housemaid's knee. Why I have not got housemaid's knee, I cannot tell you; but the fact remains that I have not got it. Everything else, however, I have got."

And I told him how I came to discover it all.

Then he opened me and looked down me, and clutched hold of my wrist, and then he hit me over the chest when I wasn't expecting it - a cowardly thing to do, I call it - and immediately afterwards butted me with the side of his head. After that, he sat down and wrote out a prescription, and folded it up and gave it me, and I put it in my pocket and went out.

I did not open it. I took it to the nearest chemist's, and handed it in. The man read it, and then handed it back.

He said he didn't keep it.

I said:

"You are a chemist?"

He said:

"I am a chemist. If I was a co-operative stores and family hotel combined, I might be able to oblige you. Being only a chemist hampers me."

I read the prescription. It ran:

"1 lb. beefsteak, with

1 pt. bitter beer

every 6 hours.

1 ten-mile walk every morning.

1 bed at 11 sharp every night.

And don't stuff up your head with things you don't understand."

I followed the directions, with the happy result - speaking for myself - that my life was preserved, and is still going on.

ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ

о проведении конкурса перевода 2012

среди студентов фармацевтического факультета

Цели конкурса:

выявление и развитие творческих способностей студентов;

диагностика навыков и умений чтения и перевода текста на русский язык;

углубление языковых и профессиональных компетенций;

развитие мотивации студентов в изучении иностранных языков;

развитие интереса студентов к иноязычной литературе: поэзии, прозе.

повышение престижа профессии переводчика.

Сроки и условия проведения:

Работы принимаются с 28 февраляпо 14 марта2012г.

Подведение итогов до 25 марта 2012г.

Информация о Конкурсе и порядке участия в нём, список победителей конкурса публикуется на официальной странице кафедры иностранных языков с курсом латинского языка на сайте ЧелГМА. Участие в Конкурсе является открытым, добровольным, бесплатным и индивидуальным.

Номинации

Первая номинация «Художественная проза»: отрывок из художественного произведения объемом до 500 слов

Вторая номинация «Научно-популярный текст»: статья научной тематики объемом до 300 слов

Третья номинация «Поэтический перевод»:1-3 стихотворения объемом до 30 строк.

Требования

Участник РЕГИСТРИРУЕТСЯ у своего преподавателя и ему сдает готовый перевод. Участник выбирает 1 или 2 (разных номинаций) текста.

В 1 и 3 номинациях оценивается правильный стилистически выдержанный перевод, а также творческий подход к переводу.

Во 2 номинации оценивается точность и профессиональность перевода.

Тексты:

Для конкурса подбираются произведения из зарубежных источников.

Судейство:

Победители определяются жюри Конкурса. Жюри формируется из преподавателей кафедры иностранных языков с курсом латинского языка ЧелГМА. Работы представляются на рассмотрение членов жюри в анонимном виде, под номерами.

Награждение:

В каждой номинации жюри определяет трех победителей (первое, второе и третье место). Возможны дополнительные награды («Приз симпатий жюри», «Лучший перевод одного стихотворения» и т.д.). Необходимость таких дополнительных наград остается на усмотрение жюри.

Зав. кафедрой Л.Г. Брюховская