Ancient Civilizations Essay Chart

  • Civilization-Acommunity characterized by elements such as system of writing, development of social classes and creation of cities.

Ancient Civilization/Geography / Political System / Economic Activity / Religious Beliefs / Intellectual Activity / Long lasting impact of the civilization’s contributions
1.Egypt (EGYPTIAN)
  • Desert
  • Nile River- Travel
  • Irrigation
  • Silt Deposits
/
  • Pharaoh- God and King
  • Classes- Pharaoh, priests, nobles, craftspeople, merchants, peasants, slaves
/ * Farming along NileRiver / * Polytheistic /
  • Advancements in Science and Arts
  • Mummification
  • Calendar
  • Hieroglyphics
  • Temples
/ * Art work
* Advancements in medicine due to mummification
* Pyramid building
* literature
* math
2.China(SHANG, HAN, TANG)
*Desert-Gobi
*Rivers: Huang He (Yellow River), Yangzi-Silts
* Mountains- Himalayas
* Jungles / * King
* Dynasties- Ruling families (Dynastic Cycle) / * Merchants and craftspeople sold goods
* Farmed /
  • Polytheistic- Spirits in Nature
  • Ancestor worship
  • CONFUCIANISM
  • DAOISM- Yin-Yang
/ * Yin-Yang
* Filial Piety
* Math
* Science- Chemistry , Zoology
* Medicine-Acupuncture, vaccines / * Written language- pictographs
* literature
* paper making
* porcelain
* Block Printing
* Rudder
* Silk
* Jade
3. India (Mauryan/Gupta)
* Fertile Northern Plain
* Rivers: Ganges, Indus
* Deccan plateau- Dry
*Costal Plain: Farming, fishing and trade /
  • Strong leaders (led DYNASTIES)
  • Bureaucracies
/
  • Farmers/Traded
  • Cotton grown to make clothes
  • Salt produced
/
  • HINDUISM- created by Aryans and native Indians
  • POLYTHEISTIC
  • Caste System
/
  • Math – Algorithms, zero,
  • Science- medicine
  • Architecture
  • Writings- Sanskrit
  • Chemistry
/
  • Hindu Religion
  • Architecture
  • Schools
  • Literature-Riga Veda
  • Bureaucracy
  • Number system (Arabic numerals), ZERO, Square root
  • Astronomy
  • Music

Belief Systems

RELIGION / BELIEFS / HOLYBOOK / IMPACT
  • Buddhism
  • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Nepal)- 500s BC…AKA- Buddha (Enlightened One)
/
  • Rules:4 Noble Truths- All life is Suffering, Suffering is caused by desires, to eliminate suffering-eliminate desires, Follow the 8 Fold path
  • 8 Fold Path- 8 RIGHT ways to live your life
  • Karma/Dharma
  • Reincarnation
  • Nirvana
  • Rejects the Caste System
  • Polytheistic and Monotheistic
/
  • Text:
Tripitaka “Three baskets of Wisdom”
-Rules for Buddhists to follow (monks, nuns), contains sermons, and discussions of Buddhist beliefs and Scriptures /
  • Short Term:
-Separate from Hinduism
-Disregard the Caste System and Levels of discrimination
  • Long Term:
-Non violence
-Dali Lama
-Meditation
-Spirituality-Yoga
-Laws (8 Fold path, Ahimsa)
-Missionaries
  • Hinduism
  • Founder: None- Aryans/Indo European people who settled with Indians…4000 years ago
/
  • Rules: Dharma and Karma
  • Universal Spirit- Brahman
  • POLYTHEISTIC- Brahma, Vishnu, Siva
  • Reincarnation
  • Nirvana
  • Moksha
  • Caste System
/
  • Text: Vedas- Collection of prayers and sacred verses
  • Upanishas- Philosophical dialogues about Hindu beliefs
/
  • Short Term:
-Unites people of India
-Creates common belief in many gods
-Gives guideline of how to live life
  • Long Term:
-Wars between Hindus and Muslims
-Legalized Discrimination amongst the Castes
-Living right will lead to Moksha
-Laws (Dharma, Karma, Ahimsa)
-Missionaries
  • Christianity
  • Founder: Jesus (30 CE) in region of Palestine
- Becomes official religion of Roman Empire in 392 CE /
  • Rules: 10 Commandments
-Monotheistic
-Forgiveness
-Salvation
-Heaven
-Alms giving
-Holy Days /
  • Text: Bible
-Old Testament: Hebrew Scripture, books of law, history, poetry
-New Testament: Gospels, writings /
  • Short Term:
-Competition between gov’t and religion (Roman Empire)- Persecution
-Unites people of Middle East
  • Long Term:
-Salvation
-Forgiveness
-Holy Wars-Crusades
-Missionaries
-Guidance
-Laws (10 Commandments)
  • Islam
  • Founder: Mohammad (622 CE)
- Mecca, Saudi Arabia /
  • Rules: 5 Pillars of Faith
-One God- Allah
-Pray 5X a day toward Mecca
-Alms Giving
-Ramadan
-Hajj
  • Monotheistic
/
  • Text: KORAN (QURAN)
/
  • Short Term:
-Holy War (Jihad)
-Unite People of Middle East
  • Long Term:
-Religious tensions in Middle East- (Jihad) (Arab –Israeli Wars) (Palestine vs. Israel)
-Mosques (Architecture)
-Algebra
-Hospitals/exams

Change Essay Chart

  • Revolution- An event that happened that caused CHANGE to occur
  • Turning Point- An event that happened that RESULTED in CHANGE

Choose 3 different Areas (or Empires/Nations) from around the world.

Areas / Describe the important people associated with rise of the Area (Empire/Nation) / Describe changes: Political, Social and Economic that occurred in these empires
1. Wittenberg, Germany (spreads to Switzerland and England)
**Protestant Reformation
(1517CE) / Martin Luther- 95 Theses- German Monk-Catholic Church-Angered the POPE-he gets Excommunicated
  • Sale of Indulgences
John Calvin- Calvinism (Predestination)
HenryVIII-Church of England / * Political-Church and the Government challenged by the people
* Social- New religion (Protestant) arises…Religious Unity comes to an end in mid 1500s
* Economic- Catholic Church lost supporters and money because of Sale of Indulgences (scam)
  1. Florence, Italy
** Renaissance
(1300-1650 CE) / Leonardo Di Vinci- The Last Supper, Mona Lisa, Inventor
Machiavelli- The Prince
Michelangelo- David
Petrarcha- Sonnets
William Shakespeare- Romeo and Juliet / *Political- King’s power increases after Middle Ages…Governments and popes support that arts.
* Social- Art reflects the time…Humanism- Individuality and the human are subjects of the arts (music, writing, paintings, architecture)..PRINTING PRESS
Economic- Banking Family (Medici) support arts (patrons-give money)** Trade Increases as does CULTURAL DIFFUSION
  1. Roman Empire
** Fall of Roman Empire
(476 CE) / Caesars- leaders compete for power
Invaders- Franks (Clovis, Charles the Hammer Martel, Pepin the Short, Charlemagne) /
  • Political- No central Government, invaders move in , Catholic Church will rise to power…MIDDLE AGES
  • Social- Feudal Hierarchy, Catholic Church will control people through FEAR (Hell, excommunication)
  • Economic- Manorialism- Self Sufficient Society

Economic Systems Essay Chart

Economic Systems: / Define the economic system: / Where does it or did it exist? / Who are/were the key players in the development of the system? / Positive impacts because of the economic system: / Negative impacts because of the economic system:
1. Capitalism (Market Economy) / Economic System where means of production are privately owned and the purpose is to make a profit…The buying and selling of Good and Services (Supply and Demand) / Western Europe
United States, Mexico, Canada / Medici (Italy)
Adam Smith (Economist-Scotland) / * World trade increased
* Private Ownership of goods and Production
* Access to many goods (Mass production and Demand) / - Competition on World Market
- Exploitation of Cheap Labor
- Greed
2. Communism
(Command Economy) / Economic system controlled by GOVERNEMNT- No private ownership / Former Soviet Union, Vietnam, North Korea, China, Cuba / Vladimir Lenin, Mao Ze Dong, Fidel Castro, Kim Il Sung / * All share in production
* Government Controlled
* Guaranteed jobs / - Lack of incentive to work harder
- Collectivization
- Poverty
3.Traditional / Economic System based on the ways of the past / Rural areas all over the world / Beginning with Neolithic peoples. Those who settled to survive
* Farmers
* Herders
* Fishermen / * Villages and communities arise
* Specificity of TASKS
* Availability of fresh foods (from farms)
* Healthy diets
*Foods and animals used as currency- for survival / - Urbanization takes land
- technology limited # of people needed
- Little surplus
- Subsistence farming

POLITICAL SYSTEMS ESSAY CHART

Political System / Area of the World affected by political system / Define the type of leadership (dictator, emperor, monarch, etc.) / Rules of political system / Affect political system had on citizen’s lives. (positive/negative)
1. Monarchy / England(Henry VIII), France (Louis XIV, XV, XVI), Spain (Phillip II) / Government controlled by King or Queen whose power comes from the Divine Right Theory / * Monarch controls central power / - Law making Body did not share power with Monarch
- Citizens rights limited
-Voting Power limited
+ Education and Social Services provided for some
2.Totalitarian / Germany(Hitler), Soviet Union (Lenin, Stalin), Italy (Mussolini) / Government Controlled by 1 ruler who holds ALL the power:
* Use of purges and Secret Police to keep control / * Abide by Leader
* Do not speak negatively about Government
* Remain Loyal
*Nuremburg Laws (Hitler’s Germany) / - No privacy, rights or free will
- Discrimination
+ Services (health and education) provided by government
3.Democracy / Ancient Greece(ATHENS) / Government where the citizens ELECT Leader and have a direct say in government….Right to Vote / Representative Government… officials make decisions based on voice of the people / - Only land owning males could partake in Ancient Greece
+Rights granted to citizens (Direct Vote)

Influential People

PERSON
  • From Where
  • Time Period (year)
/ Event /Influence and Cause of Event/Influence / Impact of change caused by person
1. Person- Gandhi
  • Where- India
  • When- late 1800-1947CE
/ Event:
- Worked for Peace between Hindus and Muslims
- Fought for Indian Independence from Britain.
Cause: Britain imperialized India and used their natural resources(cotton and salt). Limited Indian rights (right to assemble) / - Through Non violence and Passive Resistance (SALT MARCH, BOYCOTTING of BRITISH made GOODS), Gandhi showed the world the violations inflicted by the British upon the Indian people.
- India is granted Independence from Britain in 1947
- India becomes a Democracy
- In 1947 India is PARTITIONED into Pakistan (MuslimState) and India (HinduState)
- J. Nehru becomes Prime Minister of India
- Gandhi’s NON VIOLENT actions will influence others around the world (Martin Luther King Jr., Bobby Kennedy)
2. Person- Johannas Gutenburg
  • Where- Germany
  • When- 1450s
/ Event: Creation of the Printing Press
Cause: Handwriting of books was slow and expensive. / - Books, information and ideas spread rapidly
- Increase of access to books equals increase in EDUCATION
- Price of books falls…can be made faster and cheaper
- PROTESTANT REFORMATION occurs with the spreading of the 95 Theses in pamphlet form (printed all across Europe)
- Bibles printed in the vernacular of the people
- CULTURAL DIFFUSION increases across the world
3. Person- Mikhail Gorbachev
  • Where- Soviet Union
  • When- 1985
/ Event: Glasnost and Perestroika
- Fall of Communism
Cause: Weak economy, abuses of former dictators / -Gorbachev allows for people to speak openly regarding the problems of Communism (GLASNOST)
- He works to fix the economy (PERESTROKIA)
- He brings an end to communism in Eastern Europe and the dictatorship of the Soviet Union.
- Fall of communism brings UNIFICATION to GERMANY (Berlin Wall torn down)
- Gorbachev, with the help of President Ronald Regan (1989) bring anend to the COLD WAR

Possible Choices: Christopher Columbus, Adolf Hitler, William Shakespeare, Louise XIV, Max Robespierre, Karl Marx, Adam Smith, Queen Elizabeth, Mohammad, Jesus, Mansa Musa, James Hargreaves, Albert Einstein,

Culture and Intellectual Life (Global Interactions)

  • Global Interaction- The interaction between nations and cultures of the world leading to CULTURAL DIFFUSION

Areas of the World that Interacted: / What was CULTURALLY DIFUSSED between the areas: / Political, Social and Economic Impacts of the interaction between cultures: (Long Term Impacts {effects})
1. China, Middle East and Europe
SILK ROAD (4000 mile trade Route) / -Silks, Porcelain, ideas, writing, religion (CONFUCIANISM and DAOISM )and technology (From CHINA to EUROPE)
- Clothes, spices, religion (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), language, literature (From Middle East to China) / P- New ideas regarding gov’t (Emperor vs. Kings-Mandate of Heaven/Divine Right Theory)…Civil Service Exam for Gov’t officials (China to Europe)
S- CULTURAL DIFFUSION- Awareness of other people and their lifestyles and ideals (religion)..Increase in Education
E- New Trade Network leads to wealth and dependence on other region for new goods and resources
2. Europe, Africa and New World (Americas)
Triangle Slave Trade (ATLANTIC TRADE ROUTE) / -From Europe to Africa: Furniture, Christianity, food, people, literature, language, tobacco, rum
-From Africa to New World: People (African Slaves), African language, stories, goods, religious ideals (Animism), animals, plants, food (MIDDLE PASSAGE)
- From New World to Europe-Raw materials (lumber, plants, crops), religious ideals (Polytheism), Gold, Silver, people (Natives) / P- Loss of tribal connections when sent to Americas…Under control of European Kings
- European Gov’t IMPERIALIZE New World and extend the size of their nations
S-Africans and Native American are culturally stripped of their religious ideals and customs.
- Europeans learn new farming and surviving techniques from Natives and Africans
- Death of Native Americans and African Slaves
E- European Wealth increases because of new territories and the Natural Resources and the FREE LABOR SOURCE (Native American and Africans) they contain
3. China, Korea and Japan / Japan will receive from Koreaand China:Chinese system of writing, Zen Buddhism, Confucianism, filial piety, loyalty, tea drinking, music, dancing, garden design.
KOREAwas the cultural bridge connecting Japan with mainland Asia. China and Korea will learn about Japanese Culture, religion (Shintoism) and metal working. / P-Japan will send people to China to learn of the Chinese governmental system (rigid social order)
S-Japanese will adopt new customs and ideals (religious and art)…Warfare also occurs between Japan and Korea (Causing cultural Diffusion)
E- Japan will increase trade with Korea and China

GEOGRAPHY ESSAY CHART

Geographic Features / Nation/Area of the World / Positive affects of Features / Negative affects of Features
1. Mountains -Fuji
2. Islands-Archipelago / Japan/Asia / + MTs: Protect against invaders-Hard for them to get in to area
+ MTs: Used for Terrace Farming
+ Islands: Irregular coastline good for trade and communicating with other areas / - Mts: lack of land to farm on
- Mts and Islands: Creates separation amongst the people of Japan (homogeneous society)
- Islands: Kept Japan ISOLATED from other areas of the world for a long period of time.
1. SaharaDesert
2. NileRiver / North and East Africa/Africa / + Desert- protection from invaders
+ River- Farming, Transportation, growth of civilization,
+ River- Increases communication andCULTURAL DIFFUSION between areas of Africa / - Desert- Lack of farmland
- Desert- Hindered Cultural Diffusion
-River- Left areas open to invasion and takeover
- River- Flood and destroy land, farms and people
1. Rivers: Tigris and Euphrates
2. Natural Resources: OIL / Middle East / + River- Farming, Transportation, growth of civilization,
+ River- Increases communication andCULTURAL DIFFUSION between areas of Middle East
+OIL- natural resources of great value that creates worldwide dependence / -River- Left areas open to invasion and takeover
- River- Flood and destroy land, farms and people
-Oil- price fluctuates due to profit making of producing nations.
- Oil- Limited Natural Resource

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Science and technology have played a critical role in altering

GEOGRAPHY

Human Impact
(DEFINE) / EVENT / CHANGE THAT RESULTED
  1. FOSSIL FUELS
/
  • Fossil fuels are any carbon bases fuel derived from the decomposed remains of prehistoric plants and animals.
  • The burning of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, peat, petroleum, and natural gas have allowed human to develop many different technologies to improve life.
  • The Industrial Revolution that changed the world was fueled by this resource.
  • Today, fossil fuels power our cars, heat our homes, and run the factories that manufacture everything we use in our lives.
/
  • However, recent science has suggested that the use of fossil fuels has damaged the environment, and many groups are pushing for cleaner forms of energy.
  • Another result of burning fossil fuels is Global Warming. It is the rising of the average temperature worldwide.
  • The Middle East is a major producer of fossil fuels, while the industrialized nations in Europe and North America are the major users.
  • Many countries around the world have been working to limit these destructive forces (alternative fuel for cars, factory operation restrictions)

  1. NUCLEAR POWER
/
  • The use of nuclear power and the building of nuclear weapons represents a very great threat to the environment.
  • The biggest threat comes from nuclear accidents, such as the accident at the Chernobyl Power Plant in Ukraine in 1986.
  • Use to make weapons of Mass Destruction, which causes tensions between nations of the world
/
  • This accident release large amounts of radiation that not only affected the immediate area, but also was carried on strong winds across many countries in Europe.
  • The effects of this accident have to date been an increase in cancer victims, numerous birth defects, and the destruction of many acres of good land.
  • The other problem with nuclear power is the waste products produced.
  • Storage of this material and the potential for accidents with it are the concern of the major nuclear powers.
  • The dumping of this material into the sea or burial underground has been outlawed by international treaty, but many of these countries are still searching for safe disposal solutions.
  • As the use of nuclear power becomes more prevalent, these issues will have to be addressed.

SUGESTIONS: Acid Rain, Nuclear Power, Desertification, Deforestation, Global Warming, Ozone Layer, Pollution, Fossil Fuels

ROLE OF WOMEN

Throughout history, social and political factors have influenced the roles of women in different societies. As a result, the roles of women have varied across time and indifferent places

Society (Area of the World) / Roles in given Society / Changes
  1. Great Britain- Industrial Revolution
/
  • Middle class women ran the household while their husbands were away at work.
  • They were responsible for overseeing any servants, maintaining the home, and the raising and educating of the children.
  • Lower class women worked long hours in factories for less pay than men. They had the double burden of taking care of the household and family after returning from factory work.
/
  • Over time many of these restrictions were lifted as women became active in governing of their lives
  • Women began to demand greater political and social rights in the mid 19th century. These rights included suffrage, or the right to vote.
  • Many countries were opposed to letting women have this right, and as a result were slow to change. It was not until the beginning of the 20thcentury that women were allowed to vote in most western democracies including GreatBritain (1918, 1928)

  1. Women in Asia (China and India)
  • China :
-Confucianism:
5 Relationships
Filial Piety
-Daoism
Yin-Yang
  • India:
-Caste System /
  • In early China, women managedhouseholdfinances, supervisedservants, and managed the family.
  • boys were still valued over girls because girls became part of their husband's family, and were never allowed to return.
  • In India, women were restricted by Hindu law. Upper class women were restricted to the home and were forced to completely cover themselves before leaving.
  • Lower class women worked the fields and maintained the home and family.
/
  • Women have enjoyed nearequality with men during certain time periods
  • Have lost these rights with the changing of political or social institutions (COMMUNISM in China)
  • Outlawing Caste System in Urban India ….Women have served as PRIME MINISTERS (INDIRA GHANDI)
  • GROWTH of DEMOCRACY in India

Suggestions: Women in Ancient China, Women in the British workforce (1700-1900’s), Women in African Villages