America on the World Stage

APUSH Unit 9

America on the World Stage

APUSH 6.1, APUSH 7.1 – APUSH 7.3

VUS.9a – VUS.9b

Roots of American Imperialism

Economic demands, militarism and nationalistic ideology caused the United States to become an imperial world power in the late 1800s.

• Many Americans began to advocate overseas expansionism in the late 19th century, leading to new territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific.
• Businesses and foreign policymakers increasingly looked outside U.S. borders in an effort to gain greater influence and control over markets and natural resources in the Pacific, Asia, and Latin America.
• The perception in the 1890s that the western frontier was “closed,” economic motives, competition with other European imperialist ventures of the time, and racial theories all furthered arguments that Americans were destined to expand their culture and norms to others, especially the nonwhite nations of the globe.

Monroe Doctrine

Empire of Liberty

Manifest Destiny

Frederick Jackson Turner

The Frontier Thesis

New Imperialism

Herbert Spencer

“Social Darwinism”

Josiah Strong

Our Country

Rudyard Kipling

“White Man’s Burden”

Missionaries

Alfred Thayer Mahan

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

Nationalism

Jingoism

America Expands Its Empire

The U.S. exercised varying degrees of political, military and economic control over trade partners in Latin America and the Asia-Pacific region.

• Global conflicts over resources, territories, and ideologies renewed debates over the nation’s values and its role in the world, while simultaneously propelling the United States into a dominant international military, political, cultural, and economic position.

Matthew Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa, 1854

Seward’s Folly

Pan-American Conference

James Blaine

Olney interpretation

Venezuela boundary dispute

Hawaii

King Kalakaua

Bayonet Constitution

Queen Liliuokalani

Sanford Dole

James Dole

Annexation of Hawaii

Pearl Harbor

“Banana republics”

John Hay

Spheres of influence

Open Door Policy

Boxer Rebellion

William Walker

Nicaragua, Columbia & Panama

Panama Railroad

U.S.-British rapprochement

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

Hay-BunauVarilla Treaty

Panama Canal

George Goethals

William Gorgas

Walter Reed

Spanish-American War

The Spanish-American of 1898 signaled the collapse of the Spanish empire and the ascendency of American imperialism.

• The American victory in the Spanish-American War led to the U.S. acquisition of island territories, an expanded economic and military presence in the Caribbean and Latin America, engagement in a protracted insurrection in the Philippines, and increased involvement in Asia.

Cuban rebellion

ValerianoWeyler

Reconcentration policy

William Randolph Hearst

Joseph Pulitzer

Yellow journalism

William McKinley

De Lome Letter

USS Maine

George Dewey

Theodore Roosevelt

Rough Riders

“Splendid Little War”

Treaty of Paris, 1898

Teller Amendment

Platt Amendment

Guantanamo Bay

Annexation of the Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo

Philippine-American War

Puerto Rico

Guam

Insular Cases

Anti-Imperialist League

America’s New Role

Imperialism made the United States a major force in world affairs.

• Questions about America’s role in the world generated considerable debate, prompting the development of a wide variety of views and arguments between imperialists and anti-imperialists and, later, interventionists and isolationists.

Russo-Japanese War

Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905

Algeciras Conference

Carrot & stick

Theodore Roosevelt

Roosevelt Corollary

Big Stick Diplomacy

Great White Fleet

William H. Taft

Dollar Diplomacy

Woodrow Wilson

Missionary/Moral Diplomacy

Root-Takahira Agreement

Lodge Corollary

Jones Act of 1916

Mexican Revolution

Tampico Incident

Pancho Villa Raids

John J. Pershing

Punitive Expeditionary Force

The United States in World War I

The United States failed to remain neutral in World War I, officially entering the war in 1917.

• After initial neutrality in World War I the nation entered the conflict, departing from the U.S. foreign policy tradition of noninvolvement in European affairs in response to Woodrow Wilson’s call for the defense of humanitarian and democratic principles.
• Although the American Expeditionary Force played a relatively limited role in the war, Wilson was heavily involved in postwar negotiations, resulting in the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations, both of which generated substantial debate within the United States.
• Questions about America’s role in the world generated considerable debate, prompting the development of a wide variety of views and arguments between imperialists and anti-imperialists and, later, interventionists and isolationists.
• World War I and its aftermath intensified debates about the nation’s role in the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests.

Central Powers

Allied Powers

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Neutrality

Isolationism

Pacifism

“Preparedness”

Lusitania

Sussex Pledge

Election of 1916

“He kept us out of war”

“Peace with honor”

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Zimmerman Telegram

Jeanette Rankin

“A war to make the world safe for democracy”

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

John J. Pershing

Doughboys

Trench warfare

Stalemate

War of attrition

Heavy artillery, machine guns, airplanes, zeppelins, poison gas, tanks

Tsar Nicholas II

Russian Revolution & Bolshevik Revolution

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Vladimir Lenin

Soviet Union

Armistice

Foreign PolicyAfter WWI

In the years following World War I, the United States pursued a unilateral foreign policy that used international investment, peace treaties, and select military intervention to promote a vision of international order, even while maintaining U.S. isolationism, which continued to the late 1930s.

• America’s rejection of the Treaty of Versailles weakened the League of Nations, one of many factors that paved the way for World War II.

• World War I and its aftermath intensified debates about the nation’s role in the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests.

14 Points

Big Four

Woodrow Wilson

David Lloyd George

Georges Clemenceau

Vittorio Orlando

Treaty of Versailles

League of Nations

Reparations

War guilt

Territorial adjustments

Demilitarization

Self-determination

Mandate system

Irreconcilables

Reservationists

Henry Cabot Lodge

14 Reservations

Washington Naval Conference, 1921-1922

Dawes Plan, 1924

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928

Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922

Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 1929

World War I Era at Home

World War I sparked domestic extremism, includingpolitical dissent, strident nativismand racial violence.

• World War I created a repressive atmosphere for civil liberties, resulting in official restrictions on freedom of speech.
• The global ramifications of World War I and wartime patriotism and xenophobia, combined with social tensions created by increased international migration, resulted in legislation restricting immigration from Asia and from southern and eastern Europe.
• Several acts of Congress established highly restrictive immigration quotas, while national policies continued to permit unrestricted immigration from nations in the Western Hemisphere, especially Mexico, in order to guarantee an inexpensive supply of labor.

Mobilization

Selective Service Act

George Creel

Committee on Public Information

Propaganda

Herbert Hoover

Food Administration

Liberty (Victory) Gardens

Bernard Baruch

War Production Board

18th Amendment

Women in factories

19th Amendment

Red Scare

Socialism, communism & anarchism

Espionage & Sedition Acts

Eugene Debs

Schenck v. U.S., 1919

Palmer Raids

Emma Goldman

Sacco & Vanzetti

United Mine Workers (UMW)

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW/“Wobblies”)

WASPs

Nativism

Great Migration

“Red Summer” of 1919

Lynchings

Ku Klux Klan

Emergency Quota Act, 1921

Immigration Act of 1924

Unit Review: Essential Questions

• Why did the U.S. seek to expand its economic, military, political and cultural influence in the second half of the 19th century?
• To what extent was the age of American imperialism a departure from previous foreign policy?
• In what ways was the Spanish-American War emblematic of American foreign policy in the late 1800s?
• How did Americans debate the United States’ new role in world affairs from 1890-1920?
• Why did the United States become involved in World War I?
• How did American visions of the postwar world differ?
• Did American involvement in World War I offer new opportunities or restrict freedoms?