Additional Information for Authors

PLEASE READ THIS INFORMATION IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE JOURNAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS

Title Page

Title/subtitle – if using a subtitle, please separate this from the main title with a colon. Titles and subtitle of manuscripts reporting the results of original research should describe the focus/methodology/setting, rather than describe the study results.

Running heading – a running heading (short version of the title), of no more than 100 characters, should be provided.

Abstract – for narrative reviews, abstracts should be unstructured (i.e. no headings).For manuscripts reporting the results of original research, the abstract should be structured as described in the CONSORT Statement. For manuscripts reporting the results of a systematic review, with or without a meta-analysis, the abstract should be structured as described in the PRISMA Statement. For all types of manuscripts, the abstract length can be increased from the 250 word limit if the topic dictates, and to allow full compliance with the relevant reporting guidelines.

Key Points for Decision Makers – two to three short bullet points should be provided summarizing the key findings and implications of the paper. These should be presented in non-technical language and not repeat verbatim text found in the abstract. They should be placed beneath the abstract under the heading of ‘Key Points for Decision Makers’.

Manuscript Submission

Please submit your manuscript in Word. It is not possible to submit in LaTeX.

Text

Headings –the headings of the sections/subsections should the numbered using the decimal system(e.g. 1, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 3, 4, etc.), starting with the Introduction.

Acknowledgements –any acknowledgements should be placed in a separate section before the reference list, entitled ‘Acknowledgements’. This section should be used to acknowledge the assistance of individuals who do not meet the criteria for authorship (see Conflicts of Interest Disclosure form) but who have made a substantial contribution to the manuscript/study. Please note that information on grants and funding should be placed in the ‘Compliance with Ethical Standards’ section (not the Acknowledgements section, as mentioned in the Instructions for Authors). In this section, please also provide a statement regarding the contributions each author made to this work and who will act as the overall guarantor.

Tables and figures

Abbreviations - all abbreviations used in a table or figure should be defined in an abbreviations list placed beneath the table body, or in the figure legend.

Ethical responsibilities of authors

General - the journal endorses the ‘Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly work in Medical Journals’ issued by the International Committee for Medical Journal Editors and is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics.

Duplicate publication – although the journal will not, in general, publish manuscripts that have been published previously, the journal will consider republication of a paper previously published in a language other than English, or simultaneous publication of a paper in multiple journals with different audiences, if the specific circumstances warrant this action. This will be done with full and prominent disclosure of the original source and with any necessary permissions. The journal does not consider posting of protocols and results in clinical trial registries to be prior publication. Press releases of studies presented at scientific meetings are also not considered prior publication and will not compromise an author’s ability to write up a full study provided the release does not disclose results beyond those presented in the meeting abstract or poster.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest

Conflicts of interest and funding statements - the corresponding author should include a summary statement in the text of the manuscript in the section entitled ‘Compliance with Ethical Standards’ that reflects what is recorded in the Conflict of Interest Disclosure form(s). An individual statement for each author regarding any conflicts of interest (including non-financial) should be provided. A funding statement must be provided in the ‘Compliance with Ethical Standards’ section that outlines any sources of financial assistance that were used to conduct the study described in the manuscript, or used to assist with the preparation of the manuscript. If no funding was received, this should be stated. It is preferable for a statement outlining the sponsor(s) of Open Access (where applicable) to be included in the ‘Compliance with Ethical Standards’ section.

Research involving human participants and/or animals

Ethical approval/informed consent – statements regarding ethical approval for research involving human participants and/or animals, and informed consent should be placed in the ‘Compliance with Ethical Standards’ section.

Research reporting

Clinical trial registration - the journal requires, as a condition of consideration of original clinical research for publication, prospective registration of clinical trials in a public trials registry before recruitment of any participants. This applies to trials which commenced after 1 July 2005: for older trials, retrospective registration will be acceptable, but only if completed before submission of the manuscript to the journal. For the purpose of registration, the journal defines a clinical trial as “any research study that prospectively assigns human participants or groups of humans to one or more health-related interventions to evaluate the effects on health outcomes.” Health-related interventions include any intervention used to modify a biomedical or health-related outcome. Health outcomes include any biomedical or health-related measures obtained in patients or participants, including adverse events. Authors should list the registration number of the trial at the end of the abstract and in the methods section of the main text. Purely observational studies do not require registration. The journal reserves the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with these requirements.

Health research reporting guidelines - the journal requests that the reporting of studies follows current best practice, and authors are advised to adhere to the appropriate health research reporting guideline for the type of research being submitted. The journal recommends that authors refer to the EQUATOR Network for up-to-date information on all health research reporting guidelines:

  • Economic evaluations – follow reporting guidelines, such as those specified in the CHEERS statement ( and include a completed checklist when submitting the manuscript.

Authors are strongly encouraged to provide a copy of their model for peer review. If provided, a statement to that effect may be added to the manuscript.

  • Randomised controlled trials - follow the reporting guidelines specified in the CONSORT Statement. The appropriate extension to the CONSORT Statement should be referred to where relevant.
  • Purely observational studies - follow the reporting guidelines of STROBE.
  • Systematic reviews, with or without a meta-analysis - follow the reporting guidelines of PRISMA.
  • Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology – follow the reporting guidelines of MOOSE.

In all cases, authors must provide a completed study flowchart and, to aid editorial assessment of the manuscript, are encouraged to provide a completedguidelines checklist.

Use of personal communications and unpublished data - authors must include a signed statement of permission from each individual identified as a source of information in a personal communication or as a source for unpublished data (this includes papers that have been submitted, but not yet accepted for publication), and specify the date of communication and whether the communication was written or oral.

Reviewer suggestions

Authors are free to provide suggestions for peer reviewers; however, the editor is under no obligation to use the suggested individuals. If reviewers are suggested, they shouldbe individuals who the authors believe would provide expert and unbiased comments on the subject, with as wide a spread of institutions and geographical locations as possible.