Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
Practice Exam 4
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University / Leader: / Chelsea P
Course: / AnS 214
Instructor: / Dr. Adur
Date: / 29Nov16

1.The posterior pituitary stores and releases two hypothalamic hormones and they are?

a.  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

  1. Oxytocin and growth hormone (GH)
  2. GH and ADH
  3. GH and prolactin (PRL)

2. The ability for a hormone to illicit a response on a cell requires the right:

  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Nucleus

c.  Receptor

  1. Cytoplasm

3. Thyroid hormone (TH) includes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which is more active?

a.  T3

  1. T4

4. The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by:

a.  TH

  1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  3. ADH

5. ______decreases blood calcium levels and ______increases blood calcium levels.

a. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin

b.Calcitonin, PTH

c. GH, PRL

d.PRL, GH

6. The pancreas produces what two hormone that help regulate blood glucose levels?

a.  Insulin and GH

b.  GH and PRL

c.  Insulin and glucagon

d.  Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

7. The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by:

a.  TH

  1. FSH
  2. TSH
  3. ADH

8.______is a deficiency of blood calcium, and ______is a excess of blood calcium.

  1. Hypercalcemia, Hypocalcemia
  2. Hypercalcemia, Hypercalcemia

c.  Hypocalcemia, Hypercalcemia

  1. Hypocalcemia, Hypocalcemia

9.The secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of:

  1. Hormonal stimuli

b.  Humoral stimuli

  1. Hypothalamic stimuli
  2. Neural stimuli

10.The stimulus for producing insulin is:

a.  High blood glucose concentration.

  1. Low blood glucose concentration.
  2. Low glycogen concentration.
  3. Low blood amino acid concentration.

11.The transcription of new messenger RNA (mRNA) is a function of:

  1. Amino acid-based hormones.
  2. Catecholamines.

c.  Steroid hormones.

  1. Pituitary gland hormones.

12. Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?

  1. Copper
  2. Sulfur
  3. Iron

d.  Iodine

13. Which of the following is the property in which a hormone CANNOT exhibit its full effect without another hormone?

  1. Assertiveness
  2. Synergism

c.  Permissiveness

  1. Antagonism

14. Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest:

  1. Activation time.
  2. Molecule.
  3. Chain of amino acids

d.  Half-life.

15.Endocrine glands:

  1. Have ducts.

b.  Have no ducts

  1. Have extracellular effects
  2. Aid in food digestion

16. The ______catches the oocyte.

a.  Infundibulum

  1. Cervix
  2. Vagina
  3. Rectum

17. Choose the false statement about oogenesis.

  1. Primary oocytes are stalled in prophase I until puberty.

b.  In humans, the secondary oocyte must complete meiosis II before it can be fertilized.

  1. In oogenesis, three polar bodies and one functional gamete are produced.
  2. Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries.

18. Which of the following is mismatched?

a.  Luteal phase: characterized by decreased progesterone levels

  1. Ovulation: secondary oocyte is released
  2. Ovarian cycle: monthly series of events associated with maturation of an egg
  3. Follicular phase: maturation of a primordial follicle to form a secondary oocyte

19.The functional layer of the endometrium is shed in response to:

  1. Decreased estrogen levels.
  2. Increased estrogen levels.

c.  Decreased progesterone levels.

  1. Increased progesterone levels.

20. The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that:

  1. The mature ovum is haploid and the sperm is 2n.
  2. Spermatogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis, but oogenesis involves meiosis only.
  3. Two polar bodies are produced in spermatogenesis.

d.  One mature ovum is produced in oogenesis, and four mature sperm are produced in spermatogenesis.

21.The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers:

  1. Uterine-lining secretion.

b.  Ovulation

  1. Menstruation
  2. Activation of primordial follicles.

22. ______cells, located between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone.

a.  Interstitial

  1. Sustenacular
  2. Sertoli
  3. Follicle

23. In which uterine phase does the functional layer of the endometrium start to rebuild?

  1. Secretory

b.  Proliferative

  1. Preovulatory
  2. Ovulation

24. Which is the most correct sequence of sperm flow in the male duct system?

  1. Testes, ductus deferens, urethra, seminal vesicle
  2. Seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, ampulla, urethra
  3. Seminiferous tubules, prostatic urethra, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, ampulla

d.  Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla, ejaculatory duct, urethra

25. Sperm are produced in the:

  1. Spermatic cord
  2. Seminal vesicles

c.  Seminiferous tubules

  1. Epididymis

26. Ovulation in a typical, or “average,” cycle usually occurs on day:

  1. 28

b.  14

  1. 7
  2. 1

27. What hormone is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics found in women?

a.  Estrogen

  1. FSH
  2. LH
  3. Progesterone

28. Meiosis in the female is completed:

  1. Before birth
  2. After birth
  3. At ovulation

d.  After fertilization

29. Sperm complete the maturation process and are stored in the:

  1. Seminiferous tubules

b.  Epididymis

  1. Ductus deferens
  2. Rete testis

30. Which phase of the uterine cycle ends with a rise in estrogen and ovulation?

a.  Proliferative phase

  1. Menstruation
  2. Secretory phase
  3. Premenstrual phase

31. The site of fertilization:

  1. Uterus
  2. Cervix

c.  Ampullary-isthmus junction

  1. Vagina

32. A way that the scrotum is kept cool:

  1. Cremaster muscle
  2. Tunica Dartos muscle
  3. Pampiniform plexus

d.  All of the above

33. What is the hormone that is needed for puberty to be initiated?

  1. Estrogen

b.  GnRH

  1. Testosterone
  2. E2

34. What do the pinealocytes (located in the pineal gland) secrete in response to longer nights?

  1. LH
  2. FSH

c.  Melatonin

  1. GnRH

35. Anestrus is a term used describe a time when there is no cyclicity (important to remember). When is there a time when there is anestrus?

  1. Pregnancy
  2. Lactation
  3. Presence of offspring

d.  All of the above

36. What hormone is high when an animal is cycling?

a.  LH

  1. FSH
  2. Estrogen
  3. Testosterone

37. The term used to describe standing heat at day zero in the estrous cycle is called estrus? Is the underlined word spelled correctly?

a.  Yes

  1. No

38. The recurring reproductive cycle in many female mammals that starts with one estrus (heat) to the next estrus (heat) and is 21 days long in the cow is called the estrous cycle. Is the underlined word spelled correctly?

a.  Yes

  1. No

Endocrine System

1.  Endocrine glands are ductless. Their responses tend to act much slower than those of the nervous system. The endocrine system acts through chemical messengers in the blood or lymph called hormones. Their effects can take place in the cell where they are produced called a(n) autocrine effect or they can have effects on cells other than the one that secreted them called a(n) paracrine effect. There are two classes of hormones steroid and amino acid derived. Steroid hormones and TH circulate in the blood bound to plasma proteins while all other hormones circulate freely. Concentration in the blood is affected by the rate of release and speed of degradation or inactivation. The amount of time it takes for half a hormone to be removed from the blood is called the half-life. Hormones can be released in response to various stimuli. Changing levels of ions and nutrients in the blood classify one type of stimuli called humoral stimuli. Ca+2 is regulated in this way. If Ca+2 levels get too high calcitonin deposit calcium into the bone matrix. However, if Ca+2 levels are too low PTH degrade the bone matrix to release calcium into the blood. An extremely low level of blood calcium in a lactating cow can cause hypocalcemia (milk fever). A second type of stimuli called neural stimuli is characterized by nerve fibers stimulating hormone release. When one hormone triggers the release of another hormone this is called a hormonal stimulus. The posterior pituitary stores the two hypothalamic hormones ADH and oxytocin. The anterior pituitary secretes the six hormones FSH, LH, GH, PRL, ACTH, and TSH. All of these are classified as amino acid hormones. The hormone that can be regulated indirectly by IGFs is also regulated by ______and ______. LH stimulates the production of gonadal hormones, while FSH stimulates gamete production. Both of these hormones are regulated by GnRH. Prolactin is regulated by PIH also called prolactin-inhibiting hormone. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. TSH regulates the normal function of the thyroid gland. This gland requires iodine or else it will swell causing a goiter. It produces two hormones T3 which is more active than T4. In the pancreas alpha cells secrete glucagon and beta cells secrete insulin. Glucagon can cause the breakdown of glycogen to glucose called glycogenolysis. It can also cause the synthesis of glucose called gluconeogenesis. Hypoactivity or hypersecreteion of insulin can cause diabetes mellitus. Three symptoms of diabetes are polyuria, polyphagia, and polydipsia. When one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone present that is called permissiveness. Synergism is when more than one hormone produces the same effect on a target cell. Finally, when one hormone inhibits another, it is called an antagonist. The effectiveness of a hormone depends on concentration of hormone, number of receptors, and affinity between hormone and receptor.

Reproductive System Male

1.  In the male reproductive system the testes produce sperm. They are contained inside a sac of skin called the scrotum. It can maintain a temperature lower than core body temperature through two mechanisms the dartos tunica and cremaster muscle. Another mechanism for temperature regulation is a countercurrent heat exchanger called the pampiniform plexus. The three accessory sex glands in the male are the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland. The combination of sperm and accessory sex gland fluid is semen. It contains seminal fluid from the seminal vesicles to help sperm reach the egg. Sertoli cells form the blood-testis-barrier, produce ABP, Inhibin, and MIS, and absorb cast off from developing spermatozoa. Leydig cells produce androgens stimulated by the effect of the hormone LH. Due to androgen-binding protein from the sustenacular (sertoli) cells, there is an increase in ABP in the testes. This leads to an increase in testosterone.

Reproductive System Female

2.  In the female reproductive system an oocyte begins with oogenesis in the ovary. After maturing into a mature follicle, the oocyte will be ovulated. From here it moves into the portion of the uterine tube called the infundibulum. The oocyte then moves into the ampulla where fertilization can occur and finally into the isthmus. From the uterine tube it moves into the uterus. If fertilization has occurred it will implant into the endothelium and continue developing. There are two distinct phases seen in the ovary. The phase before ovulation is the follicular phase which includes the growth of the follicles. The second phase is the luteal phase and includes activity of the CL. At the same time there are three distinct phases in the uterus. The first, which would occur if a female were not pregnant, is the menstral phase. During this phase the endometrium is shed or resorbed. The next phase is the proliferative phase in which estrogen initiates the development of a new functional layer and increases receptors of progesterone in the endometrium. The last phase is the secretory phase. During this phase the endometrium continues to develop in preparation for an embryo. Maternal recognition of pregnancy is caused by LH secreted from the blastocyte. During development in utero mullerian ducts form into the female reproductive tract due to a lack of MIS. If androgens are present the wolfferian ducts form into the male reproductive tract.

Estrous Cycle

3.  The first stage of the estrous cycle is estrus or standing heat. During this stage estrogen levels are high which cause an LH surge. This leads to ovulation and formation of a CL. The next stage is metestrus. Estrogen levels start to decline, while progesterone levels are rising. If fertilization has occurred the embryo will move towards the uterus. During diestrus progesterone levels are very high. If pregnant the corpus luteum will remain and produce progesterone. If not pregnant it will regress due to the action of corpus albicans. Finally, the female goes into proestrus and progesterone levels decrease. If the female stops cycling she is in anestrus.

I advise you to say your dream is possible and then overcome all inconveniences, ignore all the hassles and take a running leap through the hoop, even if it is in flames.

~Les Brown