Handout to accompany journal presentationA. McGovern

A Longitudinal study of the order of onset of alcohol dependence and major depression(Gilman and Abraham, 2001)

Results tables

The following tables are abridged results tables adapted from Gilman and Abraham (2001).

Table 1. Odds of alcohol dependence at 1 year follow up by baseline factors.

Female / Male
Diagnosis of depression* / Odds Ratio / 95% Confidence interval / Odds Ratio / 95% Confidence interval
Yes / 2.15 / 0.76-6.05 / 0.62 / 0.27-1.40
No / 1.00 / - / 1.00 / -
Chi-squared (P), df = 1 / 2.2 (not significant) / 1.4 (not significant)
Number of depressive symptoms
7+ / 7.88 / 2.86-21.70 / 1.05 / 0.35-3.15
4-6 / 3.52 / 1.86-6.66 / 1.41 / 0.69-2.87
1-3 / 2.75 / 1.52-5.00 / 1.50 / 1.08-2.08
None / 1.00 / - / 1.00 / -
Chi-squared (P), df = 3 / 24.3 (0.001) / 6.5 (0.091)

Table 2. Odds of major depression at 1 year follow up by baseline factors.

Female / Male
Diagnosis of alcohol dependence* / Odds Ratio / 95% Confidence interval / Odds Ratio / 95% Confidence interval
Yes / 3.52 / 2.16-5.72 / 1.77 / 1.08-2.91
No / 1.00 / - / 1.00 / -
Chi-squared (P), df = 1 / 26.7 (<0.001) / 5.3 (0.021)
Number of alcoholic dependence symptoms
7+ / 4.32 / 1.92 - 9.75 / 2.12 / 0.90-5.00
4-6 / 3.98 / 2.37-6.69 / 2.49 / 1.29-4.92
1-3 / 1.66 / 1.05-2.64 / 1.19 / 0.76-1.88
None / 1.00 / - / 1.00 / -
Chi-squared (P), df = 3 / 34.2 (0.001) / 9.3 (0.026)

*diagnosis is based on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule questions.

Data which are insignificant are shown in red.

(Deykin et al., 1987, Regier et al., 1990)(Kessler et al., 1996, Kessler et al., 1997)(Helzer et al., 1990, Wittchen et al., 1994)(Helzer et al., 1985)(Robins et al., 1981)(Semler et al., 1987)(Vandiver and Sher, 1991)

Presentation references:

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Handout to accompany journal presentationA. McGovern

DEYKIN, E. Y., LEVY, J. C. & WELLS, V. (1987) Adolescent depression, alcohol and drug abuse. American Journal of Public Health,77 (2), pp. 178-182.

GILMAN, S. E. & ABRAHAM, H. D. (2001) A longitudinal study of the order of onset of alcohol dependence and major depression. Drug and Alcohol Dependence,63 pp. 277-286.

HELZER, J. E., CANINO, G. J., YEH, E. K., BLAND, R. C., LEE, C. K., HWU, H. G. & NEWMAN, S. (1990) Alcoholism - North America and Asia. A comparison of population surveys with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Archives of General Psychiatry,47 (4), pp. 313-319.

HELZER, J. E., ROBINS, L. N., MCEVOY, L. T., SPITZNAGEL, E. L., STOLTZMAN, R. K., FARMER, A. & BROCKINGTON, I. F. (1985) A comparison of clinical and diagnostic interview schedule diagnoses. Physician reexamination of lay-interviewed cases in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry,42 (7), pp. 657-666.

KESSLER, R. C., CRUM, R. M., WARNER, L. A., NELSON, C. B., SCHULENBERG, J. & ANTHONY, J. C. (1997) Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry,54 (4), pp. 313-321.

KESSLER, R. C., NELSON, C. B., MCGONAGLE, K. A., LIU, J., SWARTZ, M. & BLAZER, D. G. (1996) Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general population : Results from the US National Comorbidity Survey. British journal of psychiatry. Supplement, pp. 17-30.

REGIER, D. A., FARMER, M. E., RAE, D. S., LOCKE, B. Z., KEITH, S. J., JUDD, L. L. & GOODWIN, F. K. (1990) Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. The Journal of the American MEdical Association,264 (19), pp. 2511-2518.

ROBINS, L. N., HELZER, J. E., CROUGHAN, J. & RATCLIFF, K. S. (1981) National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Its history, characteristics, and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry,38 (4), pp. 381-389.

SEMLER, G., WITICHEN, H.-U., JOSCHKE, K., ZAUDIG, M., GEISO, T. V., KAISER, S., CRANACH, M. V. & PFISTER, H. (1987) Test-Retest Reliability of a standardized psychiatric interview (DIS/CIDI). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience,236 (4), pp. 214-222.

VANDIVER, T. & SHER, K. J. (1991) Temporal stability of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Psychological Assessment,3 pp. 277-281.

WITTCHEN, H. U., KNÄUPER, B. & KESSLER, R. C. (1994) Lifetime risk of depression. British journal of psychiatry. Supplement,26 pp. 16-22.

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Handout to accompany journal presentationA. McGovern

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