“If a man kills another man he is a murderer, but if a man kills a million men he is a conqueror…”
The Great War-WWI
1914-1918
THE WAR TO END ALL WARS
Objectives:
Ø Identify/Describe the causes of WWI
Ø Summarize the events that involved the US in WWI
Ø Describe the impact of WWI on the American home front
Ø Explain the impact of the Treaty of Versailles
Key Terms, People and Events
PEOPLE· Franz Ferdinand
· Gavrilo Princip
· General John Pershing
· Czar Nicholas
· Alvin York
· Henry Cabot Lodge
· Woodrow Wilson
· Harlem Hell Fighters
· American Expeditionary Force / EVENTS
· Trench Warfare
· Russian/Bolshevik Revolution
CONCEPTS/CONCERNS/ORGANIZATIONS
· Treaty of Versailles
· League of Nations
· submarine warfare
· Liberty/War bonds
· Victory gardens
· Sussex Pledge
· The Lusitania
· Propaganda / · Trench foot
· Dough boy
· Fourteen Points
· Schlieffen Plan
· Zimmerman Note
· Convoy
· Zeppelin
· Militarism
· Isolationism
· Alliances
· Imperialism
· Nationalism
Directions: After reading this article, determine how could the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand have been avoided?
THE ASSASSINATION
In 1913 Franz Ferdinand was appointed Inspector General of the Austro-Hungarian Army. A promoter of naval expansion and military modernization, Ferdinand was popular with the armed forces and in the summer of 1914 General Oskar Potiorek, Governor of the Austrian provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina, invited the Inspector of the Armed Forces, to watch his troops on maneuvers. When Potiorek made it clear that his wife, Duchess Sophie, would also be made welcome, Franz Ferdinand agreed to make the visit.
Franz Ferdinand knew that the journey would be dangerous. A large number of people living in Bosnia-Herzegovina were unhappy with Austro-Hungarian rule and favored union with Serbia. In 1910 a Serb had attempted to assassinate General Varesanin, the Austrian governor of Bosnia-Herzegovina, when he was opening parliament in Sarajevo.
The attempted assassin was a member of the Black Hand (Unity or Death) who wanted Bosnia-Herzegovina to leave the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The leader of the group considered Franz Ferdinand a serious threat to a union between Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia. He was worried that Ferdinand's plans to grant concessions to the South Slavs would make an independent Serbian state more difficult to achieve.
When it was announced that Franz Ferdinand was going to visit Bosnia in June 1914, the leader of the Black Hand began to make plans to assassinate the heir of the Austro-Hungarian throne. He sent three members of the Black Hand group based in Belgrade, Gavrilo Princip, Nedjelko Cabrinovic and Trifko Grabez, to Sarajevo to carry out the deed.
Unknown to the leader of the Black Hand, a senior member of the Black Hand group, informed Nikola Pasic, the prime minister of Serbia, about the plot. Although Pasic supported the main objectives of the Black Hand group, he did not want the assassination to take place, as he feared it would lead to a war with Austro-Hungary. He therefore gave instructions for Gavrilo Princip, Nedjelko Cabrinovic and Trifko Grabez to be arrested when they attempted to leave the country. However, his orders were not implemented and the three men arrived in Bosnia-Herzegovina where they joined forces with fellow conspirators.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie
at Sarajevo on 28th June, 1914.
Just before 10 o'clock on Sunday, 28th June, 1914, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie von Chotkovato arrived in Sarajevo by train. The governor of the Austrian provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina was waiting to take the royal party to the City Hall for the official reception.
In the front car were the Mayor of Sarajevo and the city's Commissioner of Police. Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie were in the second car. The car's top was rolled back in order to allow the crowds a good view of its occupants.
At 10.10, when the six car possession passed the central police station, Nedjelko Cabrinovic hurled a hand grenade station at the archduke's car. The driver accelerated when he saw the object flying towards him and the grenade exploded under the wheel of the next car. Two of the occupants seriously wounded. About a dozen spectators were also hit by bomb splinters.
Franz Ferdinand's driver drove on extremely fast and other members of the Black Hand group on the route, Cvijetko Popovic, Gavrilo Princip, Danilo Ilic and Trifko Grabez, were unable to fire their guns or hurl their bombs at the Archduke's car.
After attending the official reception at the City Hall, Franz Ferdinand asked about the members of his party that had been wounded by the bomb. When the archduke was told they were badly injured in hospital, he insisted on being taken to see them. A member of the archduke's staff, Baron Morsey, suggested this might be dangerous, but they went anyway.
In order to avoid the city center, it was decided that the royal car should travel straight along the Appel Quay to the Sarajevo Hospital. However, they forgot to tell the driver, Franz Urban, about this decision. On the way to the hospital, Urban took a right turn into Franz Joseph Street. One of the conspirators, Gavrilo Princip, was standing on the corner at the time. They immediately realized the driver had taken the wrong route and shouted "What is this? This is the wrong way! We're supposed to take the Appel Quay!”
The driver put his foot on the brake, and began to back up. In doing so he moved slowly past the waiting Gavrilo Princip. The assassin stepped forward, drew his gun, and at a distance of about five feet, fired several times into the car. Franz Ferdinand was hit in the neck and Sophie von Chotkovato in the abdomen. Princip's bullet had pierced the archduke's jugular vein but before losing consciousness, he pleaded "Sophie dear! Sophie dear! Don't die! Stay alive for our children!" Franz Urban drove the royal couple to Konak, the governor's residence, but although both were still alive when they arrived, they died from their wounds soon afterwards.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWarchduke.htm
After reading this article, how could the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand have been avoided?
1. Explain the 4 causes of WWI
· Militarism:
· Alliances:
· Imperialism:
· Nationalism:
2. The Allied Powers included ______, ______,and ______
3. The Central Powers included ______, ______, and ______
4. The spark that started WWI happened on ______. The Archduke Francis ______of ______and his wife were ______. A ______named Gavrilo Principe assassinated them, he was angry that ______was ruling Serbia
5. The Assassination set off a series of events that dragged Europe into The Great War as a result of Alliances….
· Austria-Hungary blamed ______for the Assassination and declared war on them.
· Russia, ______, ______had ______with Serbia and they went to war against Austria-Hungary.
· Germany went to war to protect its ally, ______.
· Italy remained ______until ______
Study the map on the bottom of page 305.
Ø What role did geography have in WWI? (Consider location of countries)
Two Front War
· Trace and label the Western Front on the map below.
· Trace and Label the Eastern Front on the map below.
· Circle the country that wanted to remain neutral.
6. Why was ______unable to remain neutral?
· ______plan to invade ______became known as the SCHLIEFFEN PLAN.
7. September ______, the battle for ______began. This battle was called the First Battle of the ______. The
______Powers defeated ______.
- Soldiers fighting in WWI used a variety of strategies in battle. Describe the weapons and strategies listed below
· Trench warfare & no man’s land
· Machine Gun (not in the reading)
· Poison Gas(not in the reading)
Garret Morgan
· Airplanes---Dogfights
9. Submarine warfare--- Submarines were used by ______to sink Allied ______ships because ______had ______Germany’s ports so they could not get supplies.
Letter from the Trenches
Directions:
Imagine that you are an American “doughboy” in the trenches of World War I who is writing a letter home to a family member or friend. You have been on the front for a few weeks now and are beginning to become accustomed to life in the trenches. Word has recently come from headquarters saying that your regiment will take part in the first wave of an attack on the Germans that will take place tomorrow. American and British guns have just begun shelling the Germans in preparation for your attack. You realize there is a very real chance that this may be the last letter you write.
In your letter, convey how things are going and how you feel about the upcoming attack. Use information that we have discussed in class as well as the handouts about the troubles of trench warfare to make your letter realistic and full of detail. Your letter should be at least 15 sentences in length and be set up as a real letter would be.
Effort and realism will be rewarded!
(20 points)
Regulation Gear
1. towel
2. haversack
3. extra socks
4. soap
5. iron rations
6. preserved rations
7. canvas holdall
Private Kenneth Garry, letter to mother (January, 1916)
We had two days' rations to take, and the 150 rounds of ammunition we always carry. I only took an extra pair of socks, but I wished before I got back that I had taken three extra pairs. We wore our great coats, with full equipment on top of this. Our mack we put on top of the pack. Our water bottle was full and of course we carried our mess tin, also mug and cutlery. The one blanket we were allowed to take was rolled in the ground sheet, and slung like a horse collar round our necks. I carried in addition my pocket primus, and a tin of paraffin, two small tins of Heinz baked beans, vaseline, a tommy's cooker and a tin of re-fill; a pair of gloves, mittens and a muffler. Beside this, we carried our rifle. I wish you could have seen us. We looked like animated old clothes shops.
John Raws, letter to his father (27th May 1916)
We whistled and sang the Marseillaise as we tramped. I was loaded with a pack (blanket, waterproof sheet, overcoat, two singlets, two underpants, six handkerchiefs, two towels and several books) a haversack (food, shaving tackle, soap, tooth paste, pocket field dressing materials and odds and ends) entrenching tool and handle for digging in; a large water bottle full of cold tea and my field glasses. And my word it was heavy walking! This is marching order.
The Russian Revolution
10. By March 1917, Czar ______was forced to resign when the people started a revolution.
11. November 1917, Russia had a second revolution, the ______Revolution, the ______won control of government. In a communist nation:
· ______owns all businesses and takes away people’s liberties.
12. Vladimir ______became dictator of Russia and signed a peace treaty with ______; Russia surrendered ______to Germany and Germany’s soldiers left the ______to ______in France.
American Goes to War
13. America remained isolationist/______at the start of the war; they wanted to stay of Europe’s affairs
Americans grew to favor ______and ______because they were ______(like the US). Still others supported Russia and Germany.
What happened to compromise America’s non-involvement in the war????
14. Between 1915 and 1917 several events brought the US closer and closer to the war against Germany:
A. The sinking of the British passenger ship the ______ by the torpedoes shot from German ______; Germans suspected the ship of carrying ______or contraband (smuggled weapons); ______passengers killed, ______were Americans
B. 1917 The ______ was leaked to the press; in the note ______promised to help ______reclaim lost lands in the US if they would go to war with the US.
C. Unrestricted submarine warfare, Germany sank ______ships in an effort to stop supplies of ______, ______etc. from reaching ______
15. April 16, 1917, at the request of President Woodrow Wilson, Congress declared war on ______
“The world must be made safe for ______!”
Articles: RMS Lusitania: The Fateful Voyage
Updated - Saturday, 11 August, 2001
On April 30th 1915, the Lusitania was at New York, being loaded with meat, medical supplies, copper, cheese, oil and machinery, but she was also secretly being loaded with munitions for Britain for the war. That same day, Kapitänleutnant Walter Schwieger was ordered to take his U-boat-20 German submarine to the northern tip of Great Britain, and then back down south on the Atlantic side and then east to the Irish Channel to destroy ships going to and from Liverpool, England.
Schwieger was known to frequently attack ships without warning them, and fired at any neutral ships he suspected may be British. In an earlier voyage, he narrowly missed hitting a hospital ship with a torpedo. His reputation made it more likely for him to destroy a British passenger liner, such as the Lusitania.
Beside the CUNARD advertisement was a notice:
NOTICE!Travelers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travelers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk.
IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY WASHINGTON, D.C., APRIL 22, 1915.
This notice was thought by most of the passengers as an idle threat.
Before the voyage, it was decided that only 19 of the 25 boilers would be utilized for the voyage because of the enormous consumption of coal, so boiler room 4 was shut down. This limited the Lusitania’s speed to 21 knots, still much faster than a U-boat submarine's top speed of 13 knots. On May 1st, 1915, the Lusitania embarked on its 202nd crossing of the Atlantic with 1257 passengers, plus a crew of 702. It was under the command of Captain William Turner.
On May 7th, the Lusitania entered the Irish Channel. Captain Turner slowed the ship down to 15 knots because of the fog. This was contrary to orders to travel at full speed in the submarine war zone around Great Britain. However, as a precaution, Captain Turner posted extra lookouts and swung the lifeboats out.
That same day, the U-20 was traveling west in the Irish Channel. At about noon, Schwieger and his crew sighted an old war cruiser, the Juno. It escaped because it was zigzagging, which made it hard for a submarine to fire at it, due to its constantly changing path. Captain Turner of the Lusitania did not do this because he felt that it wasted time and fuel. Then, at 1:20pm British time, Schwieger sighted something of note.