A.P. U.S. History
Unit One Study Guide
Settlement, Colonization and Empire
(1492-1783)
Brinkley: Chapters 1-5
Zinn: Chapters 1- first ½ of Chapter 5
Documents: -The Mayflower Compact
-John Winthrop: A Model of Christian Charity
-Jonathon Edwards: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
-John Dickinson: Letter from a Penn. Farmer
-Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
-Second Continental Congress: The Declaration of Independence
Key Ideas: Cultural Exchange, Conflict, Religion, Geographical Colonization, Salutary Neglect, Revolution, Independence
Perennial Unit Question: How unified were Americans by the implementation of the Articles of Confederation in 1783?
DBQ: In what ways did the French and Indian War (1754-63) alter the political, economic and ideological relations between Britain and its American Colonies?
To what extent had the colonists developed a sense of their identity and unity as Americans on the eve of independence?
Concepts To Know
1. Religion played an important role in England’s quest for colonies and the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants influenced the settlement of America.
2. Due to a labor shortage, Africans were first imported in the Americas to work the island sugar plantations.
3. The first attempt at a permanent English settlement in the New World was a disaster.
4. Virginia and the Southern Colonies were founded by profiteers and society developed around the plantation.
5. New England was founded by Puritans and society developed around the church, merchant business, and town community.
6. The Middle Colonies were founded by both outcasts from New England and non-English settlers and society developed around both the town and the country farm.
7. Political, economic, and religious factors in the colonies produced drastic sectional differences between the colonies.
8. Pilgrims and Puritans in New England, though permitting some democracy, become extremely intolerant in matters of society and religion.
9. Southern colonies had a difficult time getting established but then flourished under the plantation system, initially using indentured servants but rapidly changing to a system of black slavery.
10. The expansion of the colonies brought them into both positive and negative interactions with Natives.
11. Rebellions in each of the colonial areas illustrate the friction between government, Natives, and settlers.
12. The concept of mercantilism and England’s policy of salutary neglect shaped both the political and the economic independence of the colonies. Despite this, most colonists were quite happy to be part of the English empire in the 1750’s.
13. The French-Indian War was fought between England and France for imperial control in North America. The English victory and the Treaty of Paris kicked France off the continent and expanded England’s holdings to include much of Canada and the eastern U.S.
14. The clash between England and her colonies came after 1763 when the English government attempted to reassert control over the American colonies by taxing them to pay for their share of the cost of the French-Indian War
15. Americans protested over “Direct Taxation” whereby the English Parliament ignored the Colonial Assemblies that had previously taxed Americans in an indirect form-levying taxes for Parliament and sending them to London.
16. Americans also protested over a lack of representation in Parliament. They argued for “actual representation” or for colonial representatives to sit in Parliament. England maintained its position of “virtual representation” whereby members of Parliament virtually represented the colonies.
17. Sources of conflict in the colonies were turned to thoughts of independence by a growing group of revolutionaries that advocated separation from England.
18. American revolutionaries organized protests against the English in the form of boycotts of English products thus disrupting the mercantilist system. They also attacked English tax collectors and made life difficult for English colonial officials through groups known as the Sons of Liberty.
19. The Declaration of Independence had its roots in the philosophical writings of John Locke and many of the colonial calls for independence and it constructed an important mind set for American efforts during the Revolution.
20. Colonial mobilization for the war and efforts to fight the war encountered serious problems and had to overcome difficult obstacles.
21. Many British leaders believed that the Revolution was simply a limited skirmish with colonial rebels and their military decisions represented this underestimation.
22. British governmental and military decision making during the war was flawed and led to their defeat.
23. American efforts to recruit foreign allies paid off in the American-French Alliance which helped the Americans win the war.
24. A large part of the American population opposed the war and supported continued colonial ties with the British.
25. The Revolution forced Americans to cooperate and plan collectively on issues of economy and government and this assisted the formation of a national American identity.
Vocabulary to know
Santa Fe/Quebec Roanoke/Jamestown mestizo coureurs de bois
Mayflower Compact Charter colony Royal Colony Proprietary Colony
The Chesapeake Sir Walter Raleigh John Smith Virginia Company
indentured servants Headright system Sir William Berkeley Martin Luther
Henry VIII William Bradford John Winthrop Plymouth
Mass. Bay Co Anne Hutchinson Roger Williams Pequot War/King Phillip’s War
Pope’s Rebellion
-----------------
George Calvert Maryland Toleration Act Bacon’s Rebellion Salem Witch Trials
New Netherlands Leisler’s Rebellion Dominion of New England Glorious Revolution
Quakers Restoration colonies The Great Awakening The Enlightenment
Harvard Dutch West India Co. The Middle Passage Zenger Trial
New France William Penn James Oglethorpe Elizabeth I
Cotton Mather George Whitefield Nathaniel Bacon
-----------------
Navigation Acts Mercantilism Salutary neglect Iroquois Confederacy
Fort Necessity Benjamin Franklin Albany Plan Gen. George Washington William Pitt French and Indian War Peace of Paris (’63) King George III
Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act of 1764 Mutiny Act of 1765 Stamp Act of 1765
George Grenville Stamp Act Congress The Regulators Paxton Boys
-------------------------
Sons of Liberty Sam Adams John Adams Townshend Acts
Quebec Act Tea Act of 1773 Marquis of Rockingham Intolerable Acts
Lord North Direct/Indirect taxes Actual/Virtual representation Thomas Hutchinson
Boston Massacre Lexington/Concord Thomas Paine Common Sense
1st Continental Cong. 2nd Continental Cong. Dec. of Independence John Hancock
Olive Branch Petition Loyalists/Tories Nathaniel Green Marquis de Lafayette
Battle of Saratoga Republican motherhood Battle of Yorktown Lord Cornwallis
Treaty of Paris (‘83)
Study Questions (short essays, 1-3 pps: use vocab above in each detailed response)
1. Compare and contrast the Spanish (Santa Fe), French (Quebec) and English (Jamestown) colonial settlement models. Be sure to include economic, government , and society references.
2. What shaped the relationships between colonists and Native Americans in the colonial period? What major events should be remembered? How did the Spanish, French and English differ in their relationships with natives?
3. What is the difference between Separatists, Pilgrims and Puritans? Why is the landing at Plymouth Rock seen as just as important as Jamestown, or more so, in the founding of our country?
4. How did settlement in the Chesapeake follow an economic model? What struggles did they face in developing the southern colonies?
5. What role did religion play in colonial America? Were American’s religiously tolerant or intolerant? What was important about the first Great Awakening?
6. Explain the position of women in colonial society through the Revolution. What roles did they play?
7. Describe the system of colonial slavery. Compare the life of an African slave to a white indentured servant and to free blacks. What caused their lives to become so different?
8. Why were most Americans content with their role within the English Empire in the 1750’s? Describe specific economic and social benefits of salutary neglect.
9. Were the colonists politically independent before the French and Indian War? What changed during the War? What arguments did Americans make in 1776 for political independence? Describe three.
10. Why were some colonists Loyalists? Explain their beliefs and motivations.
11. What problems did American leadership have in preparing for and fighting the war against the British?
12. Was the American Revolution more of a revolution, a trade dispute, a civil war or a religious war? Explain.
Essay Questions:
1. Settlers in the 18th century American backcountry sometimes resorted to violent protest to express their grievances. Analyze the causes and significance of TWO of the following:
Bacon’s Rebellion
March of the Paxton Boys
Regulator movement
Shays’ Rebellion
Whiskey Rebellion
2. Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. Why did this difference occur?
3. For the period before 1750, analyze the ways in which Britain’s policy of salutary neglect influenced the development of American society as illustrated in the following.
-Legislative assemblies
-Commerce
-Religion
4. How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of the southern colonies between 1607 and 1775?
5. Compare the ways in which religion shaped the development of colonial society (to1740) in TWO of the following regions:
-New England
-Chesapeake
-Middle Ages
6. Analyze the cultural and economic responses of TWO of the following groups to the Indians of North America before 1750.
-British
-Colonists
-French
-Spanish
7. How was a national identity developed in America during the time period 1776-1783?
8. Analyze the differences between the Spanish settlements in the Southwest and the English colonies in New England in the seventeenth century in terms of TWO of the following:
-Politics
-Religion
-Economic development
9. Analyze the ways in which TWO of the following affected the American rebellion against British rule.
Continental Army
African Americans and Native Americans
Foreign intervention
Loyalists
10. Early encounters between American Indians and European colonists led to a variety of relationships among the different cultures.
Analyze how the actions taken by BOTH American Indians and European colonists shaped those relationships in TWO of the following regions. Confine your answer to the 1600s.
New England
Chesapeake
Spanish Southwest
New York and New France
11. In what ways did TWO of the following affect the development of the southern colonies in British North America during the period 1607-1750?
Indentured servitude
Extent of religious toleration
Mercantilism
12. From 1775 to 1830, many African Americans gained freedom from slavery, yet during the same period the institution of slavery expanded. Explain why BOTH of those changes took place. Analyze the ways that BOTH free African Americans and enslaved African Americans responded to the challenges confronting them.
13. Analyze the ways in which British imperial policies between 1763 and 1776 intensified colonials’ resistance to British rule and their commitment to republican values.
14. Analyze the political, diplomatic, and military reasons for the United States victory in the Revolutionary War. Confine your answer to the period 1775-1783
15. In what ways did ideas and values held by Puritans influence the political, economic, and social development of the New England colonies from 1630 through the 1660s?