Supplementary Table 1 Studies reporting the incidence of H. pylori infection in children using a non-invasive test either UBT, SAT, or a combination of SAT or UBT and serology.
First Author / Year Publication / Ethnic Group/Country / Diagnostic
Test / Age
At Baseline
(Months-range) / Baseline Prevalence
H. pylori / Duration
Follow-up Months / Participants with follow-up who were not infected with H. pylori at baseline (%) / Incidence of
H. pylori‡
Klein PD. 1 / 1994 / Peru / UBT / 6 / 71.4 / 24 / 28/30 (93) (E) / 18.8%
Rothenbacher D. 2 / 2002 / Turkish Children in Germany / SAT / 12-48 / 27% / 12 / 100/137 (73) / 7%
Laporte R.3 / 2004 / France# / SAT / ___ / 42% / 12 / 65/65 / 10.7%
Fujimura S.4 / 2004 / Japan / Stool PCR / 3 days / 2% / 24 / 8/49 (16) / All samples negative at follow-up
Sinha SK5 / 2004 / First Nations
Canada / SAT / 1.5-144 / 56% (E) / 12 / 50/71 (70.4)¶ / 16%
Konno M.6 / 2005 / Japan / SAT+ Gastric Juice / Birth / 0% / 60 / 44/51 (86.3) / 11%
Goodman K.7 / 2005 / Texas and Mexico / UBT / 6-24 / 7% / 24 / 110/468 (23.5) / 20% per year
Perry S.8 / 2006 / California / SAT + Serology / Unclear / 36% / 3 / Data not reported / 6.8% per year
Rowland M.9 / 2006 / Ireland / UBT / 24-48 / 8.6% / 48 / 262/279 (93.9) / 3.4%per year
Mushen K. 10 / 2010 / Arab children in Israel / SAT / Mean 3.7 SD 0.55 yrs / 49.7% / 60 / 70/98 (72.4) / 5% per year
Oleastro M. 11 / 2011 / Portugal / SAT˜ / 0-180 / 31.6% / 36 / 119/569 (20.9) / 47.5%
First Author / Year Publication / Ethnic Group/
Country / Diagnostic
Test / Age
At Baseline
(Months-range) / Baseline Prevalence
H. pylori / Duration
Follow-up Months / Participants with follow-up who were not infected with H. pylori at baseline (%) / Incidence of
H. pylori‡
Queroz DM12 / 2012 / Brazil / UBT / 5-192 / 54.2% / 96 / 62/162(38) / 17.3%
Mushen K. 13 / 2012 / Arab Children in Israel / SAT** / 2 / All non-infected at baseline / 18 / Data not reported / 33.3%
Duque X.14 / 2012 / Mexico City / UBT / 72-156 / 38% / 60 / 487/509 (96) / 6.36% per year
O’Ryan ML.15 / 2013 / Chile / SAT / 3 / 1% / 60 / 55/102 (54) / 44%
Okuda M.16 / 2014 / Japan / SAT** / 0 – 132 / 1.9% / 12 / 430/675 (63.7) / No New Infection
Luzza F.17 / 2014 / Italy / UBT +serology / 3-97 years / 59.8% / 120 / 157/244 (64.3) / 2.54%
# “Neurologically handicapped children”
**Monoclonal Stool Antigen Test (SAT) otherwise Polyclonal Stool Antigen Test
‡ Crude incidence or incidence rate per year as reported by the authors
References
1. Klein PD, Gilman RH, Leon-Barua R, Diaz F, Smith EO, Graham DY. The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in Peruvian children between 6 and 30 months of age. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89(12): 2196-200.
2. Rothenbacher D, Bode G, Brenner H. Dynamics of Helicobacter pylori infection in early childhood in a high-risk group living in Germany: loss of infection higher than acquisition. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2002; 16(9): 1663-8.
3. Laporte R, Pernes P, Pronnier P, Gottrand F, Vincent P. Acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection after outbreaks of gastroenteritis: prospective cohort survey in institutionalised young people. Bmj 2004; 329(7459): 204-5.
4. Fujimura S, Kato S, Nagai K, Kawamura T, Iinuma K. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in the stools of newborn infants. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2004; 23(11): 1055-6.
5. Sinha SK, Martin B, Gold BD, Song Q, Sargent M, Bernstein CN. The incidence of Helicobacter pylori acquisition in children of a Canadian First Nations community and the potential for parent-to-child transmission. Helicobacter 2004; 9(1): 59-68.
6. Konno M, Fujii N, Yokota S, et al. Five-year follow-up study of mother-to-child transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection detected by a random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting method. Journal of clinical microbiology 2005; 43(5): 2246-50.
7. Goodman KJ, O'Rourke K, Day RS, et al. Dynamics of Helicobacter pylori infection in a US-Mexico cohort during the first two years of life. Int J Epidemiol 2005; 34(6): 1348-55.
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9. Rowland M, Daly L, Vaughan M, Higgins A, Bourke B, Drumm B. Age-specific incidence of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 2006; 130(1): 65-72;
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11. Oleastro M, Pelerito A, Nogueira P, et al. Prevalence and incidence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in a healthy pediatric population in the Lisbon area. Helicobacter 2011; 16(5): 363-72.
12. Queiroz DM, Carneiro JG, Braga-Neto MB, et al. Natural history of Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood: eight-year follow-up cohort study in an urban community in northeast of Brazil. Helicobacter 2012; 17(1): 23-9.
13. Muhsen K, Jurban M, Goren S, Cohen D. Incidence, age of acquisition and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection among Israeli Arab infants. J Trop Pediatr 2012; 58(3): 208-13.
14. Duque X, Vilchis J, Mera R, et al. Natural history of Helicobacter pylori infection in Mexican schoolchildren: incidence and spontaneous clearance. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 2012; 55(2): 209-16.
15. O'Ryan ML, Rabello M, Cortes H, Lucero Y, Pena A, Torres JP. Dynamics of Helicobacter pylori detection in stools during the first 5 years of life in Chile, a rapidly developing country. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2013; 32(2): 99-103.
16. Okuda M, Osaki T, Lin Y, et al. Low prevalence and incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a population-based study in Japan. Helicobacter 2015; 20(2): 133-8.
17. Luzza F, Suraci E, Larussa T, Leone I, Imeneo M. High exposure, spontaneous clearance, and low incidence of active Helicobacter pylori infection: the Sorbo San Basile study. Helicobacter 2014; 19(4): 296-305.
Year of Birth / Born prior to 1980 / 1990-1994 / 1995-1999 / 2000-2004 / 2005-2010No at risk / 196 / 104 / 263 / 49 / 14
Person Years Follow-up / 2291.24 / 1173.2 / 2941.5 / 524.8 / 79.02
New H. pylori infection / 1 / 1 / 10 / 5 / 2
Incidence /1000 person-years / 0.436 / 0.85 / 3.4 / 9.53 / 25.3
95% CI / 0.005-2.43 / 0.001-4.7 / 1.63-6.25 / 3.07-22.23 / 2.8-91.3
Supplementary Table 2 Incidence of Infection in all non-infected family members (626) since 2002 in 5 year groups by year of birth.