USH Review Grid
Goals 1 & 2
Idea, Person, or Event / Description and SignificanceWhiskey Rebellion (1.01) / This tax uprising was crushed by Washington—1st use of federal power to enforce laws.
Federalists (1.01) / Early power party in the two-party system—Hamilton’s party that sought strong centralized government with economic influence.
Alien & Sedition Acts (1.01) / Early laws passed by Federalists—sought to eliminate competition by outlawing criticism of the government and limiting immigration.
VA & KY Resolutions (1.01) / Passed by Jefferson and supporters—these laws allowed states to nullify federal laws they did not like. The beginning of sectionalism.
Louisiana Purchase (1.01) / Jefferson acquired from France—more than doubled size of country, TJ made decision without consent of Congress, against his own beliefs.
Judicial Review (1.01) / Power of Supreme Court to rule acts of Congress unconstitutional—result of “midnight judges” left from Adams (Marbury v. Madison).
Neutrality (1.03) / Staying out of war or conflict—Washington believed this was best for young nation that could not afford to fight or lose possible trade partners
Impressment (1.03) / Kidnapping of sailors to work—British continually did this to US sailors in order to force the US to choose sides between GBR & France.
XYZ Affair (1.03) / French-US bribery scandal—French claimed they would stop seizing US ships for $, this was in response to US signing a treaty with GBR.
Embargo Act of 1807 (1.03) / Halt on all trade with GBR and France—Jefferson attempted to get out of GBR/France fight by cutting off trade, it was an economic disaster.
War Hawks (1.03) / Leaders of movement for war with GBR—led to War of 1812, a war with no winner, but did eventually put an end to trade/embargo issues.
Pinckney’s Treaty (1.03) / US gained control of Mississippi River from Spain—began important westward expansion movement in US.
Adams-Onis Treaty (1.03) / US gained Florida from Spain but gave up claims to Texas—this would cause a territorial problem in Texas 2 decades later.
Missouri Compromise (2.01) / Temporary fix to slavery expansion issues—set a dividing line across the new territory, North was free, South was slave.
American System (2.02) / Henry Clay’s plan to improve transportation and commerce—1st attempt to use federal funds to improve infrastructure, trade, and transportation.
“Corrupt Bargain” (2.03) / Presidential voting scandal—JQ Adams becomes president after getting Clay supporters to back him against A. Jackson. Clay gets Sect of State.
Universal male suffrage (2.03) / All white males get to vote—Jackson began the movement toward universal suffrage by allowing all white men not just landowners to vote
Spoils System (2.03) / Giving jobs to friends not just best qualified—Jackson began this process of choosing his own advisors in order to run the government.
Tariff of Abominations (2.04) / A tax on goods (tariff) within US—South demanded removal of, stating the North was taking advantage of the government, began the divide.
SC Nullification Crisis (2.04) / SC decides to declare federal laws null and void—fallout from VA & KY resolutions, will lead to sectional tension and states rights issues.
2nd Bank of the US (2.04) / Jackson feared the bank was too powerful and needed to go—his destruction of this institution changed the government’s role in banking.
Trail of Tears (2.04) / Trip made by Native Americans from GA to Oklahoma where Jackson ordered them, even after the Supreme Court ruled they could stay.
Remember the Alamo (2.04) / Battle cry that refers to US citizens killed in a battle between Mexican Army and US citizens in Texas, gave US reason for war and to take TX
Manifest Destiny (2.04) / Believe held by many Americans that territorial expansion was part of the plan for them set by God. Polk used this to gain support for war.
Nativism (2.04) / Hatred for foreigners—during the period of expansion many Americans forgot their immigrant roots and looked down on immigrants.
Seneca Falls Convention (2.05) / Meeting of women reformers who wanted the right to vote—did not work but gained notice and got women involved in other reform areas.
Horace Mann (2.05) / Began reform efforts in the educational system—before Mann, education was almost non-existent, he started push for public schools
Abolitionists (2.05) / Reform movement that sought to make slavery illegal—strongly tied to religion these reformers preached how immoral slavery was.
USH Review Grid
Goals 3 & 4
Idea, Person, or Event / Description and SignificanceCompromise of 1850 (3.01) / Another temporary slavery issue solution—California became a free state, and the South was allowed tougher fugitive slave laws
Kansas-Nebraska Act (3.01) / Reversed Missouri Compromise that set dividing line of slavery into North and South—this act allowed people of territory to decide.
Popular Sovereignty (3.01) / Means will of the people—this is a type of voting that gives people true decision-making power. It had disastrous results in Kansas over slavery
Bleeding Kansas (3.01) / Border war between people from Missouri and Kansas—the battle was over slavery in Kansas where Missouri residents attempted to vote.
Dred Scott case (3.02) / Supreme Court case that determined that Scott (a slave) was not a person but property and had no rights, favored South, caused conflict
Harpers Ferry (3.02) / Violent slave uprising led by John Brown (white abolitionist)—hurt abolitionist and movement angered Southerners.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (3.02) / Inflammatory novel about Southern plantation life and slavery—book caused uproar in both North and South.
Secession (3.02) / South breaks away from Union—election of Lincoln causes Southern states to fear an end to slavery and state’s rights so they break away.
Anaconda Plan (3.03) / Three-part Union plan to circle and squeeze the South until they quit—use of blockades would cut off trade and starve out military and citizens.
Emancipation Proclamation (3.03) / Lincoln frees the Southern slaves—this angered the South and motivated the North who now had former slaves joining their ranks.
Gettysburg (3.03) / Bloody 3-day battle fought in Pennsylvania—the outcome proved that the North had the superior force and that the South was nearly defeated.
Gettysburg Address (3.03) / Lincoln’s address to honor all those who died in the bloody battle, the Northern victories that followed resulted in Lincoln’s re-election.
Radical Republicans (3.04) / Group that seized control of Congress and set the reconstruction plans for the South that were harsh and humiliating and meant to punish.
Black Codes (3.04) / Attempts by the South to block African-Americans from realizing the rights that were newly granted in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments.
Freedman’s Bureau (3.04) / Government agency set up to assist former slave—was a controversial issue between Congress and President Johnson which limited success.
Impeachment (3.04) / Bringing charges against a sitting president—Radical Rep. battled with Johnson over Reconstruction and nearly had him removed from office.
Military Occupation (3.05) / In order to ensure that Southerners would follow the new laws (amendments)—the South was divided into military districts.
Carpetbaggers (3.05) / Northerners who came to the South to take advantage, used former slaves to get elected. This was another cause for Southern hatred.
Compromise of 1877 (3.05) / Official end of Reconstruction—with no clear winner, the South allows North to get presidency (Hayes) if military pulls out of Southern states.
Jim Crow laws (3.05) / Laws that allowed Southerners to once again take the rights from African-Americans and create a society of segregation.
Homestead Act (4.01) / Government backed land settlement plan—gave free land to people willing to settle in the western territories of the US.
Transcontinental Railroad (4.02) / Linked the east with the west by rail—this caused a population and economic boom in the west now that transportation was easier.
Chinese immigrants (4.02) / This new group of immigrants began populating the west coast and was very involved in the construction of the RR, but faced harsh racism.
Wounded Knee (4.02) / Scene of a US massacre of Native Americans—tension between the US military and Native Americans was high and the solution was violence.
Dawes Act (4.02) / Government plan to assimilate Native Americans through land grants—plan never truly worked because NAs did not believe in land ownership.
Populist Party (4.03) / This farmers party (the Grange) sought government ownership of the RR, restrictions on immigrants, and help for debtors like farmers.
“Cross of Gold” (4.04) / Speech by WJ Bryan the candidate for president by the Populists called for a sliver currency to increase the money supply and help the economy
Barbed Wire (4.04) / One of the new innovations that turned farming into a big business in the late 1800s along with the steel plow, and electric windmill.
USH Review Grid
Goals 5 & 7
Idea, Person, or Event / Description and SignificanceSocial Darwinism (5.02) / Theory of survival of the fittest in nature applied to society in the late 1800s—referred to the haves vs. the have-nots in business and society.
Bessemer process (5.02) / New method of producing steel from iron ore—led to mass production and a booming steel industry led by Andrew Carnegie.
Robber barons (5.02) / Term used to describe powerful industrialists who cornered the market on essential industries like oil, steel, and the railroad.
Standard Oil (5.02) / First major oil company that controlled the oil industry under JD Rockefeller. Destroyed competition and created an oil monopoly.
Monopoly (5.02) / This type of industry or institution is so large and powerful it can block competition in order to control the market for a specific industry.
Trust (5.02) / Similar to a monopoly except that it is a group of companies with a similar interest who collude (agree) to fix prices and wages.
Labor Unions (5.03) / Organizations of workers who ban together to force their employers to increase pay and improve working conditions.
AFL (American Federation of Labor (5.03) / This was the first major union of any kind and it used its influence in politics to improve working conditions in many industries.
Collective Bargaining (5.03) / This method of conflict resolution is meant to bring both sides of a labor conflict to an agreement that benefits all involved.
Mediation and Arbitration (5.03) / These conflict resolution techniques use a third party to either help make a decision or make a legally binding decision both sides accept.
Haymarket Riot (5.03) / Violent clash between the police and striking workers. Strikes were the last resort for unions and this one hurt the credibility of unions.
Pullman Strike (5.03) / Railroad worker strike that caused the federal government to get involved on the side of the railroad to keep the trains running.
Tammany Hall (5.04) / Political machine or group that controlled elections in NY and handed out government contracts and positions for money, led by Boss Tweed.
Credit Mobilier Scandal (5.04) / Railroad company/government scandal in which RRs paid off congressmen to get federal money to build RRs.
Muckrakers (7.01) / Investigative journalists who investigated the corruption in business and government as well as the injustice in society.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (7.01) / Horrible tragedy that cost many workers their lives because the owners of the company had such unsafe working conditions.
Progressives (7.01) / Term used to describe those who sought to change society, the government, business practices, and the morals of the people.
Tenement houses (7.02) / Cramped living quarters that created very unsanitary environments. Mostly occupied by immigrant factory workers, target of progressives.
Sweatshops (7.02) / Unsafe unsanitary work environments that were often the scene of tragic accidents. Workers were overworked and underpaid.
Chinese Exclusion Act (5.01) / Hatred of immigrants or nativism reached new heights when the government began passing laws on who could or could not enter the US.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (7.02) / Progressive government law that sought to end the control of the robber barons over the major industries of the US.
Trust-buster (7.02) / Nickname given to Teddy Roosevelt the first president to attempt to regulate the corruption in US industry.
Initiative, referendum, recall (7.02) / Progressive changes to the election and voting process that gave the people more power in government and the election process.
Women’s Suffrage (7.02) / Involvement in the progressive movement to better society and clean up the government led to the passage of the 19th Amendment.
Plessy v. Ferguson (7.03) / Landmark decision that allowed for legal segregation of the races, as long as the facilities were equal.
NAACP (7.03) / Organization led by African American reformer who sought equality for African Americans and the enforcement of Constitutional rights.
Great Migration (7.03) / Movement of African Americans from the South for Northern cities in search of better opportunities both socially and economically.
Atlanta Compromise (7.03 / Plan to seek economic opportunity before social equality for African Americans created by Booker T. Washington.
USH Review Grid
Goals 6 & 8
Idea, Person, or Event / Description and SignificanceImperialism (6.01) / Larger nations taking advantage of smaller nations to increase wealth and power.
Jingoism (6.02) / The extreme belief that your country is the best, this was promoted by the government and the media.
Yellow Journalism (6.02) / The use of extreme sensationalism in reporting in order to sell papers, Example—USS Maine explosion to start the Spanish-American War.
Roosevelt Corollary (6.02) / Addendum to the Monroe Doctrine, allowed the US to interfere with any conflict in the western hemisphere—known as the big stick policy.
Panama Canal (6.02) / Linked the Atlantic with the Pacific to increase US trade. Canal was built after US helped Panama break away from Colombia.
Banana Republics (6.02) / Latin American countries under the influence of the US and US businesses—name came from the United Fruit Company.
Annexation (6.03) / US government and fruit company (Dole) instigate rebellion against Queen of Hawaii and take the country as a protectorate.
Spanish-American War (6.01) / Fought mainly in Cuba, this conflict helped create US imperialism in Latin America and the South Pacific.
Open Door Policy (6.03) / US policy to create trade partners in the far east, especially China. This caused outrage in China in the form of the Boxer Rebellion.
Sphere of Influence (6.01) / Using imperialism to control small weak countries and areas that surround the larger nation. Example—US and Latin America.
Dollar Diplomacy (6.03) / When the US began to experience hostility in foreign countries they turned to investing in those countries to buy their favor.
“White Man’s Burden” (6.01) / Term used to describe the theory that the white race was responsible for civilizing the rest of the world, justifying imperialism.
Nationalism (8.01) / Extreme love and support for one’s country and people. In some situations it can lead to war.
Militarism (8.01) / Aggressive increase in armed forces caused by regional tension and competition for overseas colonies.
Propaganda (8.01) / Using images and slogans to gain the support of the people. It can also be used to incite hate and fear in times of war.
Isolationism (8.01) / Foreign policy that keeps a country out of war by not agreeing to alliances with warring nations. US did this to continue trade in WWI.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (8.02) / Germany used this tactic to sink unsuspecting warships and cargo ships. In sinking US ships they forced the US to enter WWI.
Zimmerman Note (8.02) / German plan to keep US out of war by convincing Mexico to attack US. Germany to give Mexico back Texas, many believed this was a hoax.
Russian Revolution (8.02) / Russia pulled out of WWI after the Bolsheviks (communists) overthrew the tsar’s government. Giving the US another reason to enter war.
Trench Warfare (8.02) / Even though technology in weapons had advanced battlefield strategy had not which led millions of lives lost on the battlefields.
14 Points (8.02) / Woodrow Wilson’s plan for European and world peace after WWI. Most of the plan was rejected.
League of Nations (8.02) / Peace keeping organization that was designed to avoid further conflicts. Wilson created the organization but the US never joined.
Red Scare (8.03) / Fear that communism and revolution would spread to other countries like it had in Russia caused people in the US to fear all immigrants.
Sacco and Vanzetti (8.03) / Anarchists that were tried, convicted, and executed for a crime they did not commit but more likely because of their political beliefs.
Schenck v. US (8.03) / Supreme Court case that allowed the government to limit the free speech rights of individuals if it interfered with the rights of others.
“clear and present danger”
(8.03) / Decision in the Schenck case that stated that Schenck’s protest of WWI interfered with the Army’s ability to protect the country.
Eugene V. Debs (8.03) / Labor leader who was also a socialist. He ran for president several times and was eventually jailed for his political beliefs.
IWW (8.03) / International Workers of the World, this labor organization was crushed by the government because of their socialist politics.
USH Review Grid