PHL 221 (YCP) (“Introduction to Philosophy”) Study Guide page 2
The following terms, names, and issues will be covered on the quizzes. Use your notes and textbook to go into more detail.
If I give you a term, I expect you to know what it means, and its significance in the philosophy which uses it. If I give you a name of a person or group, be able to identify him (it) and summarize what he (it) thought. If I give you a phrase, be able to explain it. If I ask a question, be able to answer it.
The items are listed in the order they are addressed in the notes.
PHL 221 (YCP) (“Introduction to Philosophy”) Study Guide page 2
Quiz #1
· The Sophists
· Relativism
· Cognitive relativism
· ethical relativism
· Individual relativism
· cultural relativism
· Problem of conflict
· problem of the reformer
· Protagoras
· Thrasymachus
· “Justice is the interest of the stronger”
· “Moral Realism
· Might makes right
· Callicles
· Superior individual
Quiz #2
· “what is, is”
· “two-worlds theory”
· Becoming/Being
· Forms
· Allegory of the Cave
· Epistemology
· Descartes
· evil demon
· clear and distinct
· Cogito ergo sum
· Innate ideas
· Empiricism
· Tabula rasa
· John Locke: Experience, Sensation, Reflection, Idea
Quiz # 3
· George Berkeley
· Idealism
· Esse est percipi
· Berkeley’s arguments that only ideas are real
· God as universal perceiver
· David Hume
· Ideas & impressions
· Matters of Fact
· Relations of Ideas
· Hume’s critique of causality
· Custom as basis of Belief
· Immanuel Kant
· A posteriori knowledge
· A priori knowledge
· Analytical judgment
· Synthetical judgment
· Synthetical Judgments a priori
· Categories of understanding
· In what does Locke locate the self?
· “Substance” may vary without changing identity
· David Hume: two classes of perceptions
· The empirical criterion of meaning
· Bundle theory of the self
Quiz #4
· Aristotle & the good
· Teleological ethics
· Happiness (Aristotle)
· Eudaimonia
· Moral virtue
· Moral vice (know 2 extremes)
· Habit
· Character
· “the mean”
· Kant
· Intention versus consequences
· Good will
· deontological” ethics
· “sorrowful philanthropist”
· The Categorical Imperative
· know 4 examples
· The Kingdom of Ends
· unconditional worth
· “ends in themselves”
Quiz #5
· hedonism
· Utilitarianism
· Jeremy Bentham
· The principle of utility
· Hedonic Calculus
· How is John Stuart Mill’s version of utilitarianism different from Bentham’s?
· The empirical criterion
· Distinguish happiness from contentment
· How do people find true happiness?
· Altruism
· Social Happiness
Quiz #6
· The “five ways” of Thomas Aquinas
· Potentiality
· Actuality
· infinite regress
· “Efficient cause”
· contingent
· necessary
· This quiz will be short answer only.
Quiz #7
· Arguments of Hume against design
· Critique of use of cause-effect arguments
· Order vs. design
· Matter may be able to cause itself
· Ordering is in the mind
· Arguments of Paley for design
· Knowledge of Design is not disproved by…
· Knowledge of Design is not explained by…
· self-reproducing watch is not a maker
· disposition of parts
PHL 221 (YCP) (“Introduction to Philosophy”) Study Guide page 2