CHAPTER 4 – Socialization
Fill in the Blank
Select the missing terms from each section and place them in the correct blank space.
Section 1Continue Directly Family preparatory
Feminine Game Genetically
Imitation play Indirectly Interaction
Internalized Judge Learn
Looking-glass self Masculine Measure
Nature nurture Perceive Self-feelings
Significant others Social learning theories Socialization
Sociobiology
______is the ongoing process of interaction where we gain a social identity and ways of thinking, feeling, and acting. Socialization also helps ______cultural patterns from one generation to the next. When we ______behaviors and expectations of our culture and accept them as part of ourselves, we have ______those cultural values.
______is the theoretical approach that applies biological principles to explain the behavior of people. Most sociologists acknowledge that ______affects human development, but argue that ______is more important because socialization even affects biology.
Margaret Mead analyzed cross-cultural gender expectations and found a wide variety of norms for men and women. She concluded that characteristics we think of as ______(e.g., being aggressive) or ______(e.g., being emotional) are culturally determined, not biologically determined. Many sociologists would like a “______informed sociology” acknowledging that the nature or nurture debate is outdated.
______argue that we learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors as a part of our ______with others, especially in childhood. We learn these behaviors both ______through rewards and punishments, and ______through imitating others.
As we develop our self, Charles Horton Cooley argued that we develop a ______, a self-image based on how we think others see us. This progresses through several phases. In the first phase, we imagine how others ______us. In the second phase, we imagine how others ______us. In the third phase, we experience ______.
George Herbert Mead argued that the most critical socialization occurred in the ______. In the ______stage, children learn through ______. In the ______stage, children begin to use language and ______the words and behaviors of “significant others”. In the ______stage, children through adults begin to recognize the connections between roles.
There are critics of the social learning approach. It is difficult to ______some essential concepts such as self, me and I. Socialization also often depends on social context.
Section 2
Adolescence Adulthood Agents of socialization
Authoritarian Authoritative Childhood
Increases Infancy Later life
Parenting Roles Peer Groups Permissive
Resocialization Teachers and Schools Total institutions
Uninvolved Work Roles
There are several ______that teach us social values and norms. The family uses various parenting styles to socialize children. ______is a rigid, unresponsive approach towards children, with a goal of controlling a child’s behavior. ______is a warm, responsive, and involved yet unobtrusive approach. ______is a lax approach where parents set few rules but are usually warm and responsive. ______is an indifferent and neglectful approach.
______who are similar in age, social status, and interests are another agent of socialization. This group’s influence of usually ______as children age. Another important agent of socialization includes ______, which teach children to think about the world in different ways.
Socialization continues throughout the life course. During ______, we require constant attention from caregivers. ______is a time when children spend more time playing than working, and is a fairly recent phenomenon. ______is a prolonged stage in developed societies where young adults continue their education and put off adult responsibilities. During ______, we adopt a series of new roles, such as work and family roles.
______include learning the social rules in a job setting. ______are also learned – we do not know how to parent simply by giving birth. In ______, we must learn new roles, including being retired.
______is the process of unlearning old behaviors and adopting new behaviors or values. In ______, individuals are separated from the larger society, stripped of their identities, and must conform to new rules and behavior.