SOCIAL 35 REVIEW
Chapter 14-20
Nationalism/Unifications 1850
I. Post revolutions (1848)
A. Rise of Nationalism
1. Defined by an identification with a particular nation-state
2. An important tool in unifying disjointed peoples
B. France
1. Louis Phillipe abdicates, second republic declared
2. Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) elected by plebiscite
a. Sought national unity and social progress
b. Power held in check by National Assembly
c. Fostered Coup d’ etat in 1851
1. Restored universal male suffrage, authoritarian rule
2. Elected again by plebiscite Emperor Napoleon III
a. Nap. III attempted to create constitutional monarchy
3. Economic expansion through public works programs
4. electoral politics were closely monitored
5. public opinion shadowed decisions
6. Employment improves, unions allowed to form as well as the right to strike
7. Liberalism sends France into tailspin
3. Republican France (Third republic) “Liberal Empire”
a. educational reforms
b. moderate political leaders
c. expansion of colonies
4. Paris Commune (following defeat in Franco-Prussian war)
a. Socialist proclaim Paris a “Commune”
b. Sought to defend Paris, organized and created labor reforms
c. Overthrown by Adolphe Thiers’ Versailles army
d. Government “communards” executed
C. Italy
1. History of small city-states ruled by region
2. Reorganized by Congress of Vienna (1815)
a. Northern Italy: Ruled by Austria
b. Sardinia, Piedmont, Tuscany: Ruled by Italy
c. Central Italy: Ruled by papacy
d. Naples, Sicily: Ruled by Bourbon (France)
3. Guiseppe Mazzini
a. Attempted to centralize Italy based on principle of Universal Male suffrage “Young Italy”
b. Envisioned democratic republic (revolutionary nationalism)
4. Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861)
a. Prime minister of Sardinia aligned policies with middle class
b. Realpolitik: The politics of realism
c. Attempt to unify Northern & Central Italy by provoking Austria
5. Guiseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)
a. Volunteer army “Red shirts” sought to liberate the “two” Sicilies
b. Voted to join Piedmont
c. Politically united under Victor Emmanuel II, King of Piedmont- Sardinia.
d. Politically united in 1860
e. Supported suffrage, emancipation of women and social reforms
D. Germany
1. German confederation made of 38 states (1815) / Failure of Frankfurt Assembly
2. William I replaces Frederick William IV as king of Prussia
a. Frankfurt Assemble sought new united Germany - Disbanded
3. power vacuum with parliament, King William appoints Otto von Bismarck
4. Kruppworks steel, led by Prussian industrialist Alfred Krupp (1812-1887)
5. Ausgleich Compromise (1867) Created Dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
a. Francis Joseph (King of Hungary, Emperor of Austria)
8. Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
a. Junker aristocracy, elected to Prussian assembly
a. Sought to unify confederation states against Austria using nationalism (war) as a tool. Distrust of socialism
b. Goals would be achieved, ”not through speeches and majority decisions but by ‘blood and iron’” Government would rule without parliamentary consent to achieve unification of Germany
c. Austro-Prussian war (1866) “Seven weeks war”
1. Austria and Prussia victorious over Denmark, Schleiswig-Holstein (Danish war 1864)
2. Austria lost no territory, North German Confederation formed
3. elected lower house, local administration
4. Prussian control of Gov’t, foreign policy
5. Austria withdrew from German affairs, Italy unified
d. Franco-Prussian war (1870-1871)
1. Using nationalistic tendencies, Bismarck provokes war with France, over who would be king of Spain
2. South German states play to his hand, completes unification
3. Nationalistic tendencies abound
4. French army is defeated at Sedan , Prussians occupy Paris
5. Napoleon III captured, France terms of surrender
a. French gave up Alsace-Lorraine/ France paid one billion dollars
6. France: end of Second republic, beginning of Third republic
9. German empire: Prussia and 24 smaller states
a. Reichstag (lower house of Parliament) elected by males over 25
b. Bundesrat (upper house of Parliament.
c. Protectionism: tariffs and policies used to protect agriculture and
production
d. Attempts to stem tide of socialism
e. Social measures, first state to enact social legislation
f. By 1914 Germany most industrialized, socialist and unionized country in Europe.
g. William II inherits German throne, dismissed Bismark (1890)
1. Begins to develop German Navy, doubles size of Army
E. Russia
2. “Modernization” changes that enable a countries to compete with other nations.
3. Decembrist revolts (1825)
a. Alexander I Czar (1801) Dies 1825, Nicholas I
b. Army officers stage uprising on December 26
c. Demanded a constitutional monarchy, revolt crushed
d. Made strong impression on Nicholas I (Strengthen his power)
e. Gave secret police unlimited power, arrest, imprisonment, deported
4. Crimean war (1853-1856)
a. Russian control over Constantinople, weakening of Ottoman empire Ottoman Empire (Sick man of Europe) Muslim in religious belief
b. British feared Russia (balance of power)
c. Russia (Nicholas I)sent troops to Moldavia and Wallachia Sultan of Turkey declares war on Russia (1853)
d. Britain and France (later Italy) declare war on Russia
e. Alfred Tennyson “Charge of the Light Brigade”
f. Florence Nightingale / Many died of disease (Cholera)
g. Peace of Paris (1856) neutrality of Black Sea, Turkey’s independence
h. Despite domination of British, helps foster Russian modernization
5. Freedom of Serfs “Emancipation Edict” (1861) Alexander II (Spiel. 659)
a. threat of peasant uprisings, parceled land to peasants called “Mirs”
b. Most important of great reforms “better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait until it is abolished from below”
c. Pogroms, troops raided Jewish communities
d. Zemstvo’s, elected councils to deal with local problems
e. Reform of legal system
f. Institutes new government
g. Mirs (Parceled lands) peasants had to pay Gov’t. period of 49 years
h. Populists create political parties to work for revolution, “Peoples will”
i. Several attempts on Czar’s life, successful in 1881
6. Alexander II assassinated (1881) Alexander III, modernization slowed
a. Return to repressive policies
b. Russification: forced ethnic minorities to follow Russian Orthodox church, etc.
c. Jews targeted by raids on communities (Pogroms)
F. Great Britain & Ireland
6. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty / On the Subjection of Women (Spiel. 621)
a. Issue protecting individual rights (highly intellectual)
b. Individual Rights and Freedoms - Absolute freedom of speech (opinion on all subjects
3. Conservatives led by Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)
4. Third reform bill extended voting rights (1884)
5. Queen Victoria ruled British crown 1837-1901
a. Married German Prince Albert ( sparked anti-German sentiment)
b. King Edward VII inherited throne (1901-1910)
c. 1850’s – 1860’s Viscount Palmerston led Whigs/ began Liberal party
7. Liberals led by David Lloyd George
a. eliminated House of Lords as real power
b. increased taxes on wealthy aristocracy
c. social welfare programs instituted
8. Prime Minister William Gladstone (1809-1898)
a. Gladstone proposed home rule bill for Ireland, failed
b. Leads Liberal Party, England toward democracy
9. Ulsterites resisted home rule in Northern Ireland
10. Division between Catholics and Protestants
G. Austro-Hungarian empire toward a “Dual monarchy”
11. Multiethnic and multinational populations posed difficulties
12. Magyar nobility restored 1848 constitution, ruling Hungary
13. Language issues proved to be divisive
14. Dual monarchy – Augsleich (compromise of 1867)
E. Socialism
1. Appeals to working classes
2. responses to nationalism and industrialism led by socialists
3. Marxism led negative response to industrialization
4. 1864, “First International of socialists” is formed
5. 1889, second International is formed (May day)
a. remains in place until 1914
b. based on inability of “old order” to address workers needs.
Russian Revolution 1905
6. Nicholas II (1894)
a. Continued repressive policies in face of industrialization
7. Revolution of 1905
a. Defeated by Japanese over Manchurian territory, spurred to action
b. “Bloody Sunday” (January, 22 1905) St. Petersburg
1. Workers sought to petition conditions to the czar
2. Troops opened fire on the crowd, 300 killed, 1,000 wounded
3. Nicholas II had fled St. Petersburg (saw petition as threat)
4. Black Hundreds, attempted to bring czar back to power following 1905 Revolution
c. Strikes, peasant uprisings, revolts
b. (Marxist) Revisionism: effort by socialists to update Marx doctrines
c. Nicholas II issues October Manifesto
1. ensures creation of parliament (Duma)
2. Did little to help situation
3. Many peasants hung who protested (Stolypin’s necktie)
4. Peter Stolypin began program to help peasants buy land
5. Assassinated (1911)
The Building of a European Supremacy
I. Second Industrial Revolution
A. Afterbirth of industrialization
1. Poor urban conditions
2. Increased urban populace (urbanization)
B. Public health concerns
1. Poor Law (1834)
a. Edwin Chadwick, Commissioner
1. Death and disease resulted in poverty
b. Applied ideology of Jeremy Bentham
1. “Greatest good for greatest many”
c. Stressed sanitation, sewage system developed
d. Miasmatic theory, fear that disease was transmitted by evil smell
e. John Dalton: Modern Atomic Theory
f. Germ theory, Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
1. Connection between germs and disease
2. Joseph Lister, Antiseptic principle
a. Practice of sterilization prior to surgery
g. 1880’s show a marked decline in mortality rates
2. Cholera epidemic reflecting sanitation problems
3. Tuberculosis (Consumption)
C. Urban development (zoning laws)
1. City planning includes streets, railways and parks
2. Georges Haussman, redesigned Paris
a. Napoleon III believed it would increase employment, improve living conditions and bring France to glory.
3. Mass transit use increases, decent housing develops
4. Police systems developed
a. “Bobbies” (Robert Peel) replace unpaid constables in England
b. Schutzmannschaft in Germany
c. Prisons: French Guiana
D. Social Polarization
1. Urban social structure
a. Higher wages foster an increased standard of living
b. Inequitable distribution of wealth, labor aristocracy wanted to lead working class
1. Polarization between aristocracy and poor
a. Middle class Divisions (White collar workers)
1. Wealthy upper middle class (merge with aristocracy)
2. Middle, middle class (Teachers, engineers, managers)
3. Lower middle class
b. Working class
1. Highly skilled, labor aristocracy
2. Semiskilled
3. unskilled
2. Working and leisure
a. Increase in domestic service
b. Drinking
c. Bull/ Bear baiting, cockfights, racing, gambling
d. Declining church attendance
1. Not part of working class culture and responsibilities
1. Lack of clergy
E. Familial patterns
1. Economics were an important consideration in middle class marriages
2. Romance in working classes
3. Illegitimacy explosion (Births outside of wedlock)
a. Pregnancy often led to marriage 1850’s - on
4. Status of Women (Second class citizens)
a. Labor defined by Gender roles
1. Only small businesses employed husbands and wives
b. Typically subordinate by law, lacking legal rights
c. Domestic life / home management role increases
e. Prostitution, Disease, Jack the Ripper
5. Children
a. Greater economic ties
b. Birth rate declines, parental care increases
c. Reduction in family size
1. Desire to improve children’s social stature in life
F. Physics and Chemistry
1. Physics
a. Thermodynamics: relationship between heat and mechanical energy
b. Law of conservation of energy
c. Energy can only be converted not created or destroyed
2. Chemistry
a. Dmitri Mendelev (1834-1907)
1. Periodic Table of Elements
2. Organic chemistry: Study of carbonic compounds
b. Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
1. Electromagnetism: Designs for generators
3. Science again becomes a prestigious area of study
G. Other Sciences
1. Evolutionary study of society, applied the principles of the philosophes
2. August Comte (1798 – 1857) Sociology
a. System of Positive Philosophy
b. Stages of knowledge
c. Secular, positivist method to discover laws of human behavior (Scientific method applied to sociology)
3. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) Geology
b. Theory of Uniform processes
4. Jean Baptiste-Lamarck (1744-1829) Biology
a. Biological development by adjustment to the environment
5. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Biology
a. Biological evolution
b. On the Origin of Species The Descent of Man (Spiel. 669)
c. Principles of theory
1. Life adapted from a common origin
2. Natural selection
3. Adaption
4. Population cycle
8. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
a. Father of Psychoanalysis
b. Id, Ego, Superego
c. Behavior is shaped by unconscious emotional needs
9. Theories of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, and the Michelson Morley Experiment
a. Reexamined assumptions of previous scientists
H. Realism
1. Literature: Depicting life exactly
a. Written in prose, objective and factual reporting of life
b. Rejected romantics, heredity and environment determined behavior
c. Focus on middle and working classes
2. Russia
a. The Brothers Karamazov, Feodor Dostoevsky
b. War and Peace, Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910)
1. Fatalistic view of society, destined for conflict
3. France
a. Human Comedy, Le Pere Goroit, Henre De Balzac (1799-1850)
1. Hundred volume realist stories
b. Madame Bovary, Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880)
c. Germinal, Zola
4. England
a. Middle March, Mary Ann Evans ( 1819-1880) Pen name: George Eliot
b. Tess of D’urbervilles, Return of the Native, Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)
c. Vanity Fair, A Novel Without a Hero William Thackery (1811-1863)
I. Art
1. Jean Francois Millet (1814-1875), The Gleaners
Imperialism 1880
I. Post industrialization
A. European expansionist policies
1. Stimulated by growth in industry, commerce (trade) and transportation
2. Greater per capita wealth
3. Europe sought to expand empire in Africa and Asia
4. Railroad and steamship helped to foster trade patterns
5. Corn Laws repealed
a. Britain becomes a marketplace for exporting goods
b. Intercontinental trade
c. Assisted by Suez and Panama canals
6. Sought investment in foreign lands “New Imperialism”
a. United States and Canada
b. Latin America
c. Asia, Australia, New Zealand
d. Africa
e. military force, political will, self-destiny policies
f. Political concerns over economic concerns (1880 -1914)
1. “political control” dictates new imperialism
g. Fueled by Nationalism and Social Darwinist tendencies
1. Ethnocentric view of Europeans as liberators, protectors, teachers to Asiatic and African peoples
2. White man’s burden Rudyard Kipling
7. Critics of Imperialism
a. Claimed establishing colonies benefited only wealthy
b. English economist J.A. Hobson Imperialism
1. Imperialism based on unregulated capitalism
2. Criticized imperialism and influenced Socialist’s and Marxist thought
c. Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness
1. Outlined “Selfish endeavors” of ethnocentrism
d. Edward Morel Black Man’s Burden
8. Reaction of peoples varied, resistance to acceptance
9. Race for control over foreign nations leads to tensions within Europe
a. only Liberia and Ethopia would not fall to European imperialism
10. Belgium under Leopold II
a. Sent Henry M. Stanley to secure Congo region (central Africa)
11. Congress of Berlin (1878)
12. Berlin Conference (1884 - 1885)
a. Essentially set “rules” for Imperialism
b. Stemmed from Bismark’s attempts to stem tide of French expansion
1. Jules Ferry (France)
a. “effective occupation” on basis of territorial claims
2. Promulgated the quest for African colonies
a. pledge to stop slave trade and slavery
b. Recognition of Leopold II rule over the Congo
13. British occupy North Africa , Egypt, Sudan
a. Egypt: Col. Ahmed Arabi creates Egyptian Nationalist party
1. declares war on the English, defeated.