Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Objectives:

·  Describe the locations of the major Body Cavities

·  Name the major organ systems, functions and list organs associated with each

·  Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections/planes, and body regions

Body Cavities

1.  Two portions that the human body can be divided into:

Axial: Head, neck and trunk

Appendicular: Legs, arms and girdles associated with each

2. The two major cavities are:

Dorsal cavity Ventral cavity

Concept Map of the Body Cavities

Stomach Large intestines

Liver Urinary Bladder

Spleen Internal Reproductive Gallbladder Small and Lg intestines

Membranes of the Body

A.  Plueral Membranes

a.  Parietal pleura: lines cavity wall

b.  Visceral pleura; lines surface of the lungs

B.  Pericardial Membranes

a.  Parietal pericardium: lines heart cavity

b.  Visceral pericardium: lines surface of heart

C.  Peritoneal Membranes

a.  Parietal peritoneum: lines perianal cavity

b.  Visceral peritoneum: lines surface of organs

Small Cavities of the Head

Cavity / Consists of:
Oral / Teeth and tongue
Nasal / Sinuses and nasal septum
Orbital / Eyes and eye muscles and nerves
Middle ear / Contains ear bones

Anatomical Terms

What is the basis for the language of direction terms for positions, sections and regions?

I.  Relative Positions

Term / Meaning / Example
1. Superior / A part above another part
Closer to the head / Thoracic cavity is superior to the abdominoplevic cavity
2. inferior / Toward the tail end, lower most part, a part below another part / The neck is inferior to the head
3. Anterior / Toward the front / Ribs are anterior to the lungs
4 posterior / Toward the back / The pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity.
5 medial / Midline that dives the body into equal left and right halves / The umbilicus is medial in position or the nose is medial to the eyes
6 Lateral
/ Toward the side / The arms are lateral to the trunk
7 Superficial / Refers to closeness to the surface of the body (situated near the surface) / Epidermis is the superficial layer of the skin
8 Deep / Used to describe parts that are more internal / The dermis is the deep layer of the skin
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Proximal / Used to derive a part that is closer to the trunk of body or closer to another specified point of reference / The elbow is proximal to the wrist
10 distal / Refers to the relative distance from the midline or origin of a structure / The fingers are distal to the wrist
11 palmer / The anterior surface of the forearm
12 plantar / Sole of the foot

II.  Body Sections

III.  Body Regions (abdominal area)

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