KEY
OPTIONAL Review—Simple Organisms: Prokaryotes, Protists, & Fungi, Taxonomy
Domain Archaea, Kingdom Archaea & Domain Bacteria, Kingdom Bacteria
1. Describe some important roles of bacteria.
Decomposers, nitrogen fixation, used in making food, used in making medicines, help digest cellulose, manufacturing of plastics and many pharmaceuticals (may include oxygen production, i.e. cyanobacteria)
2. Draw and label the 3 basic shapes of bacteria.
Coccus Bacillus Spirillum
3. streptococcus staphylococcus streptobacillus
Chain of round bacteria Cluster of round bacteria Chain of rod shaped bacteria
4. How do bacteria reproduce asexually?
binary fission
5. What is the purpose of conjugation? Exchange genes (plasmids) from one bacterium to another through their pili
6. Contrast the functions of flagella and pili. Flagella are long whip like tails use in motility; pili are used in reproduction and for attachment to surfaces and for conjugation
7. What is the difference between Penicillium and penicillin? Penicillium is a fungus; penicillin is the antibiotic made by Penicillium
8. Who was Fleming? Scientist credited with discovering the first antibiotic.
9. What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic? Anaerobic-without oxygen; Aerobic-with oxygen
10. Differentiate between Archaea and Bacteria.
Archaea are often found in extreme environments and have cell walls without peptidoglycan (with lipids); Bacteria are found everywhere and have cell walls with peptidoglycan.
11. Are heterotrophs producers or consumers? Autotrophs? Explain. Heterotrophs are consumers, because they must consume nutrients from an outside source. Autotrophs are producers because they produce their own food using energy from the sun.
12. Give 3 examples of types of Archaea. methanogens, thermophiles, halophiles, acidophiles, some sulfurous prokaryotes and some anerobic prokaryotes
13. What is an endospore and why do bacteria form them? Thick walled structures enclosing the bacterial chromosome that allow the bacterium to survive in harsh conditions (like exteme heat or dryness) until conditions become favorable again and bacterium can grow.
14. Bacteria causes most types of food poisoning. Identify at least 5 other diseases caused by bacteria. tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria, anthrax, Lyme disease, typhoid fever, strep throat
Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista
15. Name and draw a common protist with pseudopods. amoeba
16. Draw a euglena and tell how it moves. Looks like a microscopic finless fish with a long whip like “tail” called a flagellum that it uses for movement
.
17. Draw a paramecium. What are the two ways it uses its cilia? Looks like a microscopic pill bug with little hairs all over its body. Cilia are used for motility of the organism itself and for sweeping food into the oral groove for digestion.
18. The protists with silica shells that are classified as green algae are ___diatoms. Why are they economically useful to us?
Sparkles in road paint, abrasive cleaners, toothpaste, fertilizer
19. Why are green algae ecologically important to us? They are photosynthetic and produce 1/3 of the oxygen on earth as well as forming the basis for food chains (producers!)
20. List a few common diseases caused by protists. malaria, African sleeping sickness, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis, amebic dysentery
21. What group of protists look more like mold or fungi? Oomycota (slime molds and water molds)
22. What disease does Plasmodium cause? malaria How is it transmitted? bite on an infected mosquito
23. The most important role of algae involves the process of ___photosynthesis______
Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi
24. What is the most important role of a fungus (shared with many bacteria)? decomposer
25. What are other important roles of fungi? Food production (breads, cheeses, wine, beer), medication (antibiotics)
26. What is the only unicellular fungus and what is one of its main uses? How do they reproduce?
Yeast, to make bread & beer/wine; budding – a form of asexual reproduction
27. How do fungi “eat”? absorption (heterotroph)
28. Where is the body of a fungus found? underground/ in the food source
What is the body called? mycelium
What structure do we see above ground? reproductive structures; “fruiting bodies”
29. Name the 4 major groups of fungi and give a common example of each.
Chytridiomycota (primitive fungi): chytrids
Zygomycota (bread molds): Rhizopus stolonifer-black bread mold
Basidiomycota (club fungi): mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts, shelf fungi
Ascomycota (sac fungi): cup fungi, yeast, morels, truffles, Penicillium
30. What is the unique component of the cell walls of fungi? chitin
31. Identify the following terms: hyphae, mycelium, septa
hyphae – filaments that make up the mycelium
mycelium – body of the fungus
septa – cell walls that separate the cells in hyphae that are “septate”
32. What is a lichen and why are they important?
A symbiotic relationship between an algae and a fungus
Important pioneer species especially in primary succession; also indicator species
33. What are mycorrhizae and why are they important?
A relationship between a fungus and a plant root
The plant supplies the fungus with carbs while the fungus absorbs phosphorus and other minerals from the soil and passes them to the plant, which would be unable to get these minerals without mycorrhizae; also increase water absorption from the soil by increasing surface area
34. Define the following: symbiosis, parasitism (endo- and ecto-), mutualism, commensalism.
symbiosis – two species live together in a close, long- term association
parasitism – host organism is harmed, the parasite benefits (ecto—on outside of host; endo—on inside of host)
mutualism – both benefit
commensalism – one organism is neither harmed nor benefits, the other benefits
35. Explain the relationship between some antibiotics and fungi. Many antibiotics are made by fungi.
36. Fill in the chart. Add as much as you can to each box.
Domain / Archaea / Bacteria / EukaryaKingdom / Archaea / Bacteria / Protista / Fungi
Cell Type / prokaryote / prokaryote / eukaryote / eukaryote
Cell Structure / no nucleus, no organelles, have cell walls that contain lipids found in no other organism no peptidoglycan / no nucleus no organelles cell wall contain complex carbohydrates (peptidoglycan) all species have at least one inner cell membrane / have a nucleus, mitochondria, and some have chloroplasts, some have cell wall / have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplasts, cell wall of chitin
Body Form / unicellular / unicellular / most unicellular, some multicellular / multicellular, one unicellular
Nutrition / most are chemotrophic (autotrophic) / heterotrophic & autotrophic / autotrophic and heterotrophic / heterotrophic only
Habitat/Location Found / extreme environments / common environments, live in and on organisms / moist environments / most are terrestrial some live on organisms
Examples / halophiles(salt lovers), acidophiles (love acidic environments)anaerobic bacteria (no oxygen) /
Escherichia coli,
_Streptococcus aureus SalmonellaCyanobacteria / algae, euglena, paramecium, amoeba, diatoms, kelp, slime molds / mushrooms, yeast (unicellular), bread molds, Penicillium, truffles
Benefits / aid digestion in animals,
decomposers, fix nitrogen,
medicines, make foods, / produce 1/3 of oxygen in the atmosphere,
make foods / decomposer, make meds and food,
Diseases / none known / strep, staph
Salmonella
common food poisoning
anthrax
botulism / malaria, African sleeping sickness, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis / athlete’s foot
ringworm
Taxonomy and Kingdoms
37. The science of naming and classifying organisms is called ____taxonomy_
38. Linnaeus’s two-word system for naming organisms is called ____binomial nomenclature
39. The basic biological unit in the Linnaean system of biological classification is _____species
40. A(n) _____genus____ is a taxonomic category containing similar species.
41. The unique two-part name for a species is called a scientific name. The first word is the ___genus______and the second part is the ____species______. The first letter of the genus name is always ___capitalized______and the first letter of the second part is always ____lowercase____. Scientific names are always underlined or ____italicized ___.
42. Determine the correct order of the categories from largest (most general) to smallest (most specific). Number the largest 1, smallest 8.
_3_ phylum __4_ class __8_ species __6_ family ___5_ order____2_ kingdom __7_ genus_ _1_ domain
43. Draw a typical prokaryotic cell and a typical eukaryotic cell. Label them to highlight the differences between them. Attach your picture to this review(see textbook/internet for pictures or see bacteria notes for a list of similar and different parts)
44. Correctly write the scientific name for the bacteria that live in our intestines and aid in vitamin K synthesis/absorption. What type of symbiosis is this an example of?
Escherichia coli; example of mutualism since bacteria benefit and we (humans) benefit
45. What language are scientific names written in? Why?
Latin. Universal language and will not change; nonpolitical choice
46. Use the cladogram below to answer the questions that follow.
A. What derived characters do pigeons have? jaws, lungs, claws/nails, feathers
B. Do salamanders have claws or nails? No
C. Why are the mouse and chimp the most closely related? Closest on the cladogram; have fur and mammary glands; there is no derived character on the cladogram that they both do not have; have the most characteristics in common
I. Match the following words to the correct description.
__G__ 1. autotrophic
___D__ 2. cell membrane
___C__ 3. cell wall
__B___ 4. eukaryotic
___I__ 5. heterotrophic
___F__ 6. multicellular
__H___ 7. photosynthetic
__A__ 8. prokaryotic
_E___ 9. unicellular
A. organisms that lack nuclei & membrane bound organelles; bacteria; monerans
B. organisms that have nuclei & membrane bound organelles
C. rigid structure found outside of the cell membrane for support and shape
D. structure found surrounding the cytoplasm of all cells; separates the contents of the cell from the environment; helps maintain homeostasis; is semipermeable
E. composed of only one cell
F. composed of many cells that function together to maintain the homeostasis of the organisms
G. organisms that make their own food; do not eat
H. organisms that make their own food using chloroplasts which capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy using CO2 & H2O; autotrophic
I. organisms that eat other organisms; can not make their own food in their cells, tissues, or organs
***Review is NOT 100% comprehensive. Please study your notes, study guides, quizzes, etc.***