REAL WORLD RESOURCES
for
Siegel’s
Introduction to Criminal Justice,
14th Edition
The media resources mentioned in the supplements (Instructor’s Manual and Lesson Plans) have been extracted and compiled here to serves as a reference for students and instructors. They are organized by learning objective within each chapter. Some of the resources apply to multiple LO, so the additional LOs they align with are noted in brackets at the end of the item.
Chapter One
Crime and Criminal Justice
1. Be able to identify the concept of criminal justice.
2. Be aware of the long history of crime in America.
3. Discuss the formation of the criminal justice system.
· Provides information about The Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, housed within the Department of Criminology at George Mason University: http://gunston.gmu.edu/cebcp/.
4. Name the three basic component agencies of the criminal justice system.
· Official website for the Department of Justice: http://www.usdoj.gov/. (LO3; LO5)
5. Comprehend the size and scope of the contemporary justice system.
6. Trace the formal criminal justice process.
· http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/: The Bureau of Justice Statistics web page.
· This site provides information and data about the formal criminal justice process. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/justsys.cfm
7. Know what is meant by the term “criminal justice assembly line.”
· http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/26/us/tough-sentences-help-prosecutors-push-for-plea-bargains.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 is an article discussing how prosecutors have leverage in inducing defendants to plead guilty to crimes because of tough sentencing laws that have been passed over the past few decades.
8. Discuss the “wedding cake” model of justice.
· The current justice articles on CNN’s website: http://www.cnn.com/JUSTICE/.
9. Be familiar with the various perspectives on justice.
10. Understand the ethical issues that arise in criminal justice.
· http://www.nsopw.gov/Core/Portal.aspx is a link through the United States Department of Justice that is a national sex offender public website.
· The link http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Td7CPGv89U&feature=related discusses how police ethics erodes one year after recruitment.
· The article located at http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2118514/Trayvon-Martin-case-Police-chief-RESIGNS-neighborhood-watch-shooting.html discusses the resignation of the police chief in the city where Trayvon Martin was shot and killed.
Chapter Two
The Nature and Extent of Crime
1. Be able to discuss how crime is defined.
· http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/colorado-washington-states-legalize-recreational-marijuana/story?id=17652774 is an article about how the states of Colorado and Washington voted to legalize marijuana for recreational purposes.
2. Define and discuss some of the different types of crime.
· Review the UCR crime data for two specific states at http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011. (LO3)
3. Be familiar with the methods used to measure crime.
· The website of the National Crime Victimization Survey: www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs
· The website of the Uniform Crime Reports: http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr
4. Discuss the development of the NIBRS program.
· http://www.jrsa.org/ibrrc/background-status/nibrs_states.shtml is a link to the status of the implementation of NIBRS in the states.
5. Be able to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of various measures of crime.
· http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv11.pdf is a link to the 2011 Criminal Victimization report compiled by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. (LO2, LO3, LO6)
6. Recognize the trends in the crime rate.
· http://www.cnn.com/JUSTICE/ discusses all the recent crime stories across the country. (LO1)
7. Comment on the factors that influence crime rates.
• This YouTube clip gives insight into the effects of the media on high profile cases: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ai9UPWP4v8&feature=relmfu
• Have students watch the documentary at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/poor-kids/, which discusses the issue of poverty in the United States and its impact on children.
8. Be familiar with trends in crime in other cultures.
· Watch the movie Crash, which discusses the affects of race, gender, and socio-economic class on the criminal justice system.
9. Know the various crime patterns.
10. Understand the concept of the criminal career.
· http://www.flsenate.gov/laws/statutes/2011/775.084 is Florida State’s Statute pertaining to violent career criminals.
Chapter Three
Understanding Crime and Victimization
1. Understand why some experts believe that crime seems rational.
· The following article addresses a successful enforcement strategy against gangs: https://www.ncjrs.gov/html/bja/gang/.
· http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zriSw1UBqv8 is a documentary on Ted Bundy.
2. Know the strategies used to reduce crime by rational criminals.
· Do a web search to identify at least two countries that use corporal punishment as a means of deterring criminal behavior.
· An over-reliance on imprisonment may inevitably backfire on society. This serves as the subject of the article, “Backfire: When Incarceration Increases Crime” by Dr. Todd Clear, which may be found at http://www.doc.state.ok.us/offenders/ocjrc/96/Backfire.pdf.
· http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/west-palm-beach-officials-consider-publishing-name/nLsfC/ is an article about a city in Florida that is considering publishing the names of individuals arrested for soliciting prostitutes.
3. Identify the various biological traits linked to crime.
· http://timelines.latimes.com/deadliest-shooting-rampages/ is a link detailing some of the deadliest mass shootings in U.S. history. (LO4-9)
· http://www.cbn.com/CBNnews/353246.aspx is an article that discusses how food affects behavior.
4. Know the various psychological views of the cause of crime.
· Watch the documentary by Michael Moore titled Bowling for Columbine. (LO5)
5. Identify the personality traits linked to crime.
· http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=aMK_ckjaf-0#! is a lecture about Freud and his views on socialization. (LO4)
6. Compare and contrast the various social structure theories of crime.
· read the article on Social Bonds and Binge Drinking: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/underage_drinking/pdfs/durkin_etal_1999.pdf
7. Distinguish among the three types of social process theories.
8 Know what is meant by critical criminology.
9. Understand the basics of developmental theory.
10. Identify the various theories of victimization.
· This site provides information on “routine activity theory”: http://www.popcenter.org/learning/pam/help/theory.cfm
· http://www.ncpc.org/resources/files/pdf/vacant-property/Vacant%20Property%20Crime%20Flyer.pdf is a flyer that makes recommendations on how to protect your community from vacant property crime.
Chapter Four
Criminal Law: Substance and Procedure
1. Know the similarities and differences between substantive and procedural criminal law and between civil law and public law.
· http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/famous/simpson/dead_16.html is an article about the civil trial of OJ Simpson.
2. Understand the concept of substantive criminal law and its history.
3. Discuss the sources of the criminal law.
· http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/uscode/18/I is a list of federal crimes under U.S. Code 18.
4. Be familiar with the elements of a crime.
5. Define the term strict liability.
6. Describe how crimes are classified.
· Explore the “Laws & Regulations” section of the EPA website (http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/) to get a sense of the important laws this agency is responsible for enforcing.
· Watch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MTjnwW4vXs, which is a very controversial documentary about the right to die and assisted suicide. (LO7)
7. Be able to discuss excuses and justification defenses for crime.
· This web site (http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-procedure/insanity-defense.html) provides a detailed description of the legal defenses as well as current trends regarding legal insanity.
· http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/longterm/aron/qa227.htm: an article regarding the insanity defense.
· http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0vdRmlPPcI is a news clip of a defendant who plead insanity, claiming that the voice of Barry White told him to shoot another man.
8. Discuss the concept of criminal procedure.
· Read about the federal rules of criminal procedure at http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/criminal_procedure.html.
· http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rcMRzg-IxW0 is a video presented to new trial judges at the federal level who are trying criminal cases. (LO9)
9. Know which amendments to the Constitution are the most important to the justice system.
· Link to the US Constitution and Amendments http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-1992/pdf/GPO-CONAN-1992-7.pdf.
10. List the elements of due process of law.
· Link to the US Courts web site with reference to the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution: http://www.uscourts.gov/EducationalResources/ConstitutionResources/LegalLandmarks/JudicialInterpretationFourteenthAmmendment.aspx.
Chapter Five
Public Policing and Private Security
1. Recount the early development of the police in England.
· Link to the history of the London Metropolitan Police: http://www.met.police.uk/history/.
2. Recount the development of the police in colonial America.
· http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_pQdjVrfl 4 is a video of technological advancements in policing. (LO9)
3. Discuss twentieth-century police reforms and the emergence of professionalism.
4. Identify the main events in policing between 1960 and the present.
· Read about August Vollmer, considered by many to be the father of modern policing, at
http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/police/history/history.html.
5. Identify the various levels of law enforcement.
· http://www.justice.gov/about/budget-rollout-presentation.pdf is a report of the budget for the U.S. Department of Justice. (LO6)
6. Identify the most prominent federal law enforcement agencies.
· Read about the history of the FBI at http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history.
· Site for the Department of Homeland Security: http://www.dhs.gov/
7. Discuss the differences among local, county, state, and federal law enforcement agencies.
• http://www.metpolicecareers.co.uk/aboutus.html is the website for the London Metropolitan Police Service. (LO7)
8. Know the differences between public and private policing.
· Link to a federal review of the Private Security Industry: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/bjs/grants/232781.pdf
· http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFhUCu8KCNk discusses the use of private policing used in the United Kingdom.
9. Identify various technologies currently used in law enforcement.
· Visit the following Department of Justice website and read the article entitled “The CSI Effect: Does it Really Exist?” (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/journals/259/csi-effect.htm ).
· http://policeforum.org/library/critical-issues-in-policing-series/Technology_web2.pdf is a document that discusses innovations in police technology.
Chapter Six
The Police: Organization, Role, Function
1. Understand the organization of police departments.
· http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/sunday-review/have-american-police-become-militarized.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 is an article about the militarization of police.
· Many police departments operate a website designed to provide basic information about the department and its duties. The following is a link to the New York City Police Departments: http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/home/home.shtml.
2. Distinguish between the patrol function and the investigation function.
· A website linking to the American Bar Association and their standards on the urban police function:http://www.americanbar.org/publications/criminal_justice_section_archive/crimjust_standards_urbanpolice.html
· http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc03/p0380.pdf is an evaluation of the Desktop Hypercube, which is a tool that is used to improve police services without additional response units.
3. Discuss various efforts to improve patrol.
4. Discuss key issues associated with the investigative function.
· Watch the movie Training Day, which portrays police undercover work.
· Website that contains a vast amount of information regarding the role of crime scene investors:
http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/index.html
· Intelligence-led policing is the newest “branch” of policing that combines homeland security concerns with the advances of community policing and problem oriented policing. Read more at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/e09042536_Chapter_04.pdf.
5. Understand the concept of community policing.
· This presentation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D8ksMsM5ag discusses community policing.
6. List several challenges associated with community policing.
7. Discuss the concept of problem-oriented policing.
· http://www.nfcausa.org/ is a link to the National Fusion Center Association. (LO8)
· Visit the center for problem-oriented policing: http://www.popcenter.org/.
8. Define intelligence-led policing and explain ways in which it occurs.
• Article regarding intelligence-led policing, which is considered to be the newest initiative in law enforcement: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/bja/210681.pdf. (LO7)
9. Explain the various police support functions.
· The Los Angeles Police Department has over 150 different civilian job classifications. View some of them here: http://www.lapdonline.org/join_the_team/content_basic_view/827
· Examine the various functions carried out by the FBI’s Laboratory Services: http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/lab
10. Identify some of the cost-saving measures that may be employed to improve police productivity.
Chapter Seven
Issues in Policing
1. Know the benefits likely to accrue from higher education for police.
· An article about the influence of higher education on police officer work habits: http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_arch&article_id=722&issue_id=102005.
2. Describe how the role of women and minorities in local police agencies has evolved over time.
· http://womenandpolicing.com/PDF/2002_Excessive_Force.pdf is a study on gender and the use of force amongst police officers. (LO9)
· Read the article “The New Face of Racial Profiling: How Terrorism Affects the Debate” at http://writ.news.findlaw.com/colb/20011010.html.
3. Explain the concept of a police culture.
· http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/2004/10/28_olsond_badcops/: a former police officer talks about his involvement with the blue wall (the police code of silence). (LO8)
4. Know the reasons that experts believe police have a unique personality.
· http://www.officer.com/article/10232697/just-a-typical-cop is an article about police personalities.
5. Recognize the different types of police officer styles.
6. Understand the factors that influence police discretion.
· Read the study https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/178259.pdf, which discusses in particular what can happen in police departments that fail to develop clear policy guidelines about complex issues in policing.
7. Know the consequences of stress and fatigue.
· Review the article http://www.traumacenter.org/resources/pdf_files/Police_Stress.pdf, which discusses police stress.
· How do co-workers, family, and friends cope with the loss of a police officer? Find answers at the official site for Concerns of Police Survivors.
http://www.nationalcops.org/
8. Distinguish between brutality and corruption.
· Watch the movie Serpico, which highlights the issue of police corruption.
· The findings of a national survey on police attitudes toward abuse of authority. http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/181312.pdf.
9. Know the difference between deadly and nondeadly force.
• http://www.dailycal.org/2011/11/12/police-use-of-force-draws-nationwide-condemnation/ is an article discussing police use of force. (LO10)
· http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUxJIjCLGHY is a video of a police officer using excessive force on a female motorist.
10. Know the leading types of less-lethal weapons.
· Review the study in http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2775771/, which discusses the findings of the effects of less-lethal weapons on injuries in police use-of-force events.
Chapter Eight
Police and the Rule of Law
1. Understand how the Fourth Amendment controls law enforcement officials.
· http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4nQ_mFJV4I&list=SP1B0B357282389571 explains how people can lawfully assert their rights against law enforcement.
2. Define search and arrest.
· http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/education/tours/mock%20oa/TrashSearch06.pdf discusses whether or not police violated a citizen’s Fourth Amendment rights by searching through his trash without a warrant.
3. Distinguish between search and arrest warrants.
4. Explain when warrants are required.
· Examining Case Law: Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968): http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=392&invol=1. This case defined the criteria for “stop and frisk” searches.
5. Recognize that there are three requirements that must be met before a warrant can be secured.
· An article about police officers in the city of Oakland who were fired for failing to meet the required criteria when obtaining search warrants: http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Oakland-to-fire-11-cops-in-search-warrant-case-3175951.php.
· This article discusses the ethical issues in using confidential informants for narcotics operations:
http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_arch&article_id=1210&issue_id=62007.
6. Explain the rules for serving warrants.
· This audio file, from the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center website, and presents the rules for serving search warrants: http://www.fletc.gov/training/programs/legal-division/podcasts/4th-amendment-roadmap-podcasts/Executing_a_Warrant_%28I%29.mp3/view.
· This media clip explains the execution of a search warrant in the investigation of a missing baby.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGEzSNc7eX0
7. Discuss several types of warrantless searches and arrests.
· The official site of the U.S.A. Patriot Act, which was created by the government to explain the legislation: http://www.justice.gov/archive/ll/highlights.htm.
· http://www.npr.org/news/specials/patriotact/patriotactprovisions.html provides critical analysis of the Patriot Act.
8. Explain the Miranda v. Arizona decision.
· Read about this landmark case here: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=384&invol=436.
· Chief Justice Warren’s hand written notes on the Miranda case: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/uc005076x.jpg.
9. Understand what purpose a lineup serves.
· http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2012/05/07/man-wrongly-convicted-in-sf-murder-questions-police-lineups/. This article discusses the use of police lineups that resulted in wrongful convictions.
10. Know the exclusionary rule, including its extensions and exceptions.
· To learn more about the exclusionary rule, read C. Maureen Stinger’s “Arizona v. Evans”: http://law.richmond.edu/jolt/v2i1/stinger.html
Chapter Nine
Court Structure and Personnel
1. Understand state court structure.