RNA, Protein Synthesis/Gene Expression Review WS
You need to be familiar with the following vocabulary and concepts.
This is not intended to be all inclusive.
RNA
· nucleotides
· differences from DNA – structure & function
· how it’s linked to RNA function
· 3 different types & their functions
GENE EXPRESSION
· protein synthesis
· transcription
o what occurs
o where does it occur
o what molecules are involved
o what is the purpose
o what is the product
· translation
o what occurs
o where does it occur
o what molecules are involved
o what is the purpose
o what is the product
PROTEINS
· DNA triplet, codon, anticodon
· Use the codon chart
· Mutations
o types
o outcomes/results
· how are they made
· polypeptide
· peptide bond
· Biuret test
· amino acids
o structure
o monomer
· what phase in the cell cycle are they made
· levels of structure
RNA and Protein Synthesis
1. What does RNA stand for? Ribonucleic Acid
2. What is the sugar in RNA? Ribose
3. What are the three parts of an RNA nucleotide? Nitrogen base, 5-Carbon Sugar, and Phosphate Group
4. What are the three differences between RNA and DNA? The Sugars, (Ribose vs. Deoxyribose,) the nitrogen bases, (U vs. T), and the structure (single stranded vs. double helix.)
5. What are the three types of RNA and what is their function? Messenger RNA (mRNA)-Transcribes the code from DNA and takes it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA (tRNA)- Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes based on the instructions on mRNA. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- The structural component of ribosomes.
6. How many nucleotides does it take to make one amino acid? Three
7. Where are proteins built? (In which cell part) In the cytoplasm at the ribosomes
8. List three reasons proteins are important. Help build cell organelles and structures; Transport proteins in cell membrane; Used as enzymes, found in muscles, blood (hemoglobin,) insulin, and antibodies and found in other body structures.
9. Where does transcription take place in the cell, what happens, and what part of the Cell Cycle (be specific—G1, S, or G2 of Interphase, Prophase, etc.) does this occur? Transcription takes place in the Nucleus; Transcription is when DNA serves as the template and makes RNA. This occurs during G1 of Interphase in the Cell Cycle.
10. After the DNA is copied by the mRNA, what happens to the DNA? It winds back up and remains in the nucleus for later use.
11. Where does translation take place, what happens, and what part of the Cell Cycle (be specific—G1, S, or G2 of Interphase, Prophase, etc.) does this occur? Translation takes place in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes; Translation involves the mRNA code being read, tRNA brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome to the mRNA where the amino acids are bonded together to become proteins. Translation occurs during G1 of Interphase in the Cell Cycle.
12. Where in the cell are the amino acids when tRNA is trying to find them? In the cytoplasm
***Make sure you know how to read the mRNA codon chart to determine amino acids.***
13. Fill in the matching base:
DNA à DNA DNA à RNA RNAà RNA
Adenine--Thymine Adenine--Uracil Adenine--Uracil
Thymine--Adenine Thymine--Adenine Uracil--Adenine
Cytosine--Guanine Cytosine--Guanine Cytosine--Guanine
Guanine--Cytosine Guanine--Cytosine Guanine--Cytosine
15. Define the following words.
Codon-
A group of 3 nucleotides on mRNA
Anticodon-
A group of 3 nucleotides on tRNA
16. What is a mutation? Permanent changes in chromosomes
What is a point mutation? A change in the genetic code that affects only one nucleotide in the DNA sequence
What is a frameshift mutation? A change in the genetic code that results from a deletion or insertion that shifts the nucleotide sequence.
17. Describe the three kinds of DNA sequence mutations and give a picture (base sequence) example.
Ø Deletion – base is “lost” UGGCAG à UGCAC
Ø Insertion - base is added UGGCAG à UGGACAG
Ø Substitution – base is “exchanged” UGGCAG à UGACAG
18. What is gene expression? Another term for Protein Synthesis (transcription + translation), the process through which a protein is made
19. What was the testing reagent used in the Protein testing lab? _Biuret___ What did a positive result look like (color)? It turns from blue to violet
20. Describe the structure of proteins. What is the monomer or subunit? A series of amino acids bonded together with peptide bonds. The monomers are amino acids.