UNIT 14B
Objective 12: Explain how psychology's definition of aggression differs from everyday usage, and describe various biological influences on aggression.
19. Aggressive behavior is defined by psychologists as _________________________________________ ______________________________________________. Thus, psychologists ____________________ (do/do not) consider assertive salespeople to be aggressive.
20. Like other behaviors, aggression emerges from the interaction of _______________________ and _______________________.
21. Today, most psychologists __________________ (do/do not) consider human aggression to be instinctive.
22. In humans, aggressiveness _______________________ (varies/does not vary) greatly from culture to culture, era to era, and person to person.
23. That there are genetic influences on aggression can be shown by the fact that many species of
animals have been _______________________ for aggressiveness.
24. Twin studies suggest that genes ___________________ (do/do not) influence human aggression. One genetic marker of those who commit the most violence is the _______________________ chromosome. Studies of violent criminals reveal diminished activity in the brain's _______________________ _______________________, which play an important role in controlling _______________________.
25. In humans and animals, aggression is facilitated by _______________________ systems, which are in
turn influenced by _______________________, alcohol, and other substances in the blood.
26. The aggressive behavior of animals can be manipulated by altering the levels of the hormone _______________________. When this level is _______________________ (increased/decreased),
aggressive tendencies are reduced.
27. High levels of testosterone correlate with _______________________, low tolerance for _______________________, _______________________, and _______________________. Among teenage boys and adult men, high testosterone also correlates with _______________________, hard _______________________ _______________________, and aggressive-bullying responses to _______________________. With age, testosterone levels—and aggressiveness— _______________________ (increase/decrease). Although testosterone heightens aggressiveness,
aggression _______________________ (increases/decreases) testosterone level.
28. One drug that unleashes aggressive responses to provocation is _______________________.
Objective 13: Outline psychological and social-cultural triggers of aggression, noting the relationship between violent video games and aggressive behavior.
29. According to the _______________________ - _______________________ principle, inability to
achieve a goal leads to anger, which may generate aggression.
30. Other aversive stimuli can provoke hostility, including __________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________.
31. Aggressive behavior can be learned through _______________________, as shown by the fact that
people use aggression where they've found it pays, and through _______________________of
others. Also, those who have been socially rejected, or _______________________, are more likely to
respond aggressively to insults.
32. Crime rates are higher in countries in which there is a large disparity between those who are _______________________ and those who are _______________________. High violence rates also
are typical of cultures and families in which there is minimal _______________________ _______________________.
33. Once established, aggressive behavior patterns are _______________________ (difficult/not difficult)
to change. However, _______________________ - _______________________ programs have been successful in bringing down re-arrest rates of juvenile offenders and gang members.
34. Violence on television tends to _______________________ people to cruelty and _______________________ them to respond aggressively when they are provoked.
35. The "rape myth" is the mistaken idea that ______________________________________________ .Most rapists _______________________ (accept/donot accept) this myth.
36. Comment on the impression of women that pornography frequently conveys and the effects this impression has on attitudes and behavior.
37. Summarize the findings of the Zillmann and Bryant study on the effects of pornography on attitudes toward rape.
38. Experiments have shown that, among other factors, depictions by the media of __________________ ______________________ most directly affect men's acceptance and performance of aggression against women. Such depictions may create _______________________ _______________________ to which people respond when they are in new situations or are uncertain how to act.
39. Kids who play a lot of violent video games see the world as more _______________________, get
into more _______________________ and _______________________, and get worse _______________________.
40. Research studies of the impact of violent video games _______________________ (confirm/disconfirm) the idea that we feel better if we "blow off steam" by venting our emotions.
This idea is the _______________________ _______________________. Expressing anger breeds _______________________ (more/less) anger.
41. Many factors contribute to aggression, including _______________________ factors, such as an in
crease in testosterone; _______________________ factors, such as frustration; and _______________________ - _______________________ factors, such as deindividuation.
Objective 14: Describe the influence of proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity on interpersonal attraction.
42. A prerequisite for, and perhaps the most powerful predictor of, attraction is _______________________.
43. When people are repeatedly exposed to unfamiliar stimuli, their liking of the stimuli _______________________ (increases/decreases). This phenomenon is the _______________________ _______________________ effect. For our ancestors, for whom the unfamiliar was often dangerous,
this effect was _______________________. One implication of this is that _______________________ against those who are culturally different may be a primitive, _______________________ emotional
response.
44. Our first impression of another person is most influenced by the person's_______________________.
45. In a sentence, list several of the characteristics that physically attractive people are judged to
possess: ______________________________________________________________________________.
46. A person's attractiveness ____________________ (is/is not) strongly related to his or her self-esteem or happiness.
47. Cross-cultural research reveals that men judge women as more attractive if they have a _______________________ appearance, whereas women judge men who appear _______________________, _______________________, and _______________________ as more attractive. People also seem to prefer physical features that are neither unusually _______________________ nor _______________________. Average faces, which tend to be _______________________, are judged to be more sexually attractive.
48. Compared with strangers, friends and couples are more likely to be similar in terms of ___________________________________________________________________________________.
49. Explain what a reward theory of attraction is and how it can account for the three predictors of liking— proximity, attractiveness, and similarity.
Objective 15: Describe the effect of physical arousal on passionate love, and identify two predictors of enduring companionate love.
50. Elaine Hatfield has distinguished two types of love: _______________________ love and _______________________ love.
51. According to the two-factor theory, emotions have two components: physical ________________________ and a _______________________ label.
52. When college men were placed in an aroused state, their feelings toward an attractive woman _______________________ (were/were not) more positive than those of men who had not been aroused.
53. Companionate love is promoted by _______________________—mutual sharing and giving by both partners. Another key ingredient of loving relationships is the revealing of intimate
aspects of ourselves through _______________________.
Objective 16: Define altruism, and describe the steps in the decision-making process involved in bystander intervention.
54. An unselfish regard for the welfare of others is called _______________________.
55. Give an example of altruism.
56. According to John Darley and Bibb Latane, people will help only if a three-stage decision-
making process is completed: Bystanders must first _______________________ the incident, then _______________________ it as an emergency, and finally _______________________ _______________________ for helping.
57. When people who overheard a seizure victim calling for help thought others were hearing the
same plea, they were _______________________ (more/less) likely to go to his aid than when they thought no one else was aware of the emergency.
58. In a series of staged accidents, Latane and Darley found that a bystander was ____________________ (more/less) likely to help if other bystanders were present. This phenomenon has been called the _______________________ _______________________.
59. Identify the circumstances in which a person is most likely to offer help during an emergency.
Objective 17: Explain altruism from the perspectives of social exchange theory and social norms.
60. The idea that social behavior aims to maximize rewards and minimize costs is proposed by _______________________ _______________________ theory.
61. One rule of social behavior tells us to return help to those who have helped us; this is the _______________________ norm.
62. Another rule tells us to help those who need our help; this is the _______________________ - _______________________ norm.
Objective 18: Explain how social traps and mirror-image perceptions fuel social conflict, and discuss effective ways of encouraging peaceful cooperation and reducing conflict.
63. A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas is called _______________________. This perception can take place between individuals, _______________________, or _______________________.
64. Situations in which conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior by pursuing their own self-interests are called _______________________ _______________________.
65. The distorted images people in conflict form of each other are called _______________________ - _______________________ perceptions. These perceptions may become _______________________ - _______________________ _______________________ that confirm themselves by influencing others to react in ways that seem to justify them.
66. In most situations, establishing contact between two conflicting groups _______________________ (is/is not) sufficient to resolve conflict.
67. In Muzafer Sherif's study, two conflicting groups of campers were able to resolve their conflicts by
working together on projects in which they shared _______________________ goals. Shared _______________________ breed solidarity, as demonstrated by a surge in use of the word _______________________ in the weeks after 9/11.
68. When conflicts arise, a third-party ________________________ may facilitate communication and promote understanding.
69. Charles Osgood has advanced a strategy of conciliation called GRIT, which stands for _______________________ and _______________________ _______________________ in _______________________ - _______________________. The key to this method
is each side's offering of a small _______________________ gesture in order to
increase mutual trust and cooperation.
Matching Items
Match each term with the appropriate definition or description.
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Terms
1. social facilitation
2. social loafing
3. bystander effect
4. conformity
5. ingroup bias
6. normative social influence
7. informational social influence
8. group polarization
9. stereotype
10. attribution
11. altruism
12. mere exposure effect
13. central route persuasion
____ 14. norm
Definitions or Descriptions
a. a causal explanation for someone's behavior
b. a generalized belief about a group of people
c. people work less hard in a group
d. performance is improved by an audience
e. the tendency to favor one's own group
f. the effect of social approval or disapproval
g. adjusting one's behavior to coincide with a group
standard
h. group discussion enhances prevailing tendencies
i. the effect of accepting others' opinions about
something
j. unselfish regard for others
k. the tendency that a person is less likely to help
someone in need when others are present
1. the increased liking of a stimulus that results
from repeated exposure to it
m. responding favorably to arguments as a result
of systematic thinking about an issue
n. an understood rule for accepted and expected
behavior
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