18
Report
Progress in Achieving Universal Blood Lead Screening in Designated High-Risk Areas of Childhood Lead Poisoning
Prepared in Response to the Maine State Legislature
Resolve 2007 Chapter 186
February 22, 2012
Prepared by
Andrew E. Smith, SM, ScD, State Toxicologist and Director,
Environmental and Occupational Health Programs
Maine Center for Disease Control
Maine Department of Health and Human Services
286 Water Street
Augusta, ME 04333
207-287-5189
Eric Frohmberg, MA, Program Manager
Maine Childhood Lead Poisoning and Prevention Program
Maine Center for Disease Control
Maine Department of Health and Human Services
286 Water Street
Augusta, ME 04333
207-287-8141
Executive Summary
The 123rd Maine Legislature enacted, Public Law Chapter 186, a Resolve “To Achieve Universal Blood Lead Level Screening in Maine Children.” The Resolve directed the Department of Health and Human Services, Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention (ME-CDC) to report to the Joint Standing Committee for Health and Human Services on the following: 1) identification of areas of the state of high-risk for childhood lead poisoning; 2) progress made in achieving universal blood lead screening in designated high-risk areas; and 3) lessons learned in attempting to achieve universal blood lead testing and recommendations.
The first report was delivered in January 2009. This document presents the third report. The major findings presented in this report are:
· Statewide, we continue to see an annual decline in the number of children newly identified with elevated blood lead levels.
· Four of the five designated high –risk communities (Bangor, Biddeford-Saco, Portland-Westbrook, and Sanford) have had significant decreases in rates of childhood lead poisoning and are approaching the state average rate. In contrast, the rate of childhood lead poisoning in the Lewiston-Auburn community remains relatively unchanged and almost three times the state average rate.
· General trends in blood lead screening rates appear fairly constant for most high-risk areas, though Lewiston-Auburn continues to shows signs of an increasing trend in screening rates. Sanford has experienced a notable drop in screening rates of 1-year-olds.
· Current surveillance data indicate that most children (66% to 79%) living in the five high-risk areas receive at least one blood lead test by age 3 years, but few children receive blood lead tests both as 1-year-olds and 2-year-olds, as required by law for children receiving MaineCare.
· Initiatives launched in 2009 and 2010 to increase blood lead screening statewide as well as targeted programs within the five high-risk areas have been continued. These initiatives include a targeted mailing campaign to all Maine families with children age 1 year, and contracts to organizations in the five high-risk areas to support local programs to promote blood lead screening along with primary prevention activities. Evaluation efforts are underway to determine whether or not these initiatives are producing the desired results.
· Activities to implement amendments to the Lead Poisoning Control Act to allow for in-office testing of blood lead are underway. Activities include: 1) initiating rule-making to define the “in-office” setting and specify the requirements for electronic reporting of test results; and 2) launching an information technology project to develop functionality to facilitate electronic reporting of results by health care providers.
Introduction
There is no safe amount of lead exposure for children. Changes in brain function related to low-level lead exposure have been shown to affect school performance, educational attainment, and IQ scores. The association between lead exposure and IQ and future income earnings is well established in the scientific literature.[1] Davis estimated that at current levels of lead exposure, each new cohort of 5-year-old children in Maine (approximately 13,000 children) will suffer on average a one-point loss in IQ score and as a result can expect to earn as an aggregate $270 million less over their lifetimes.[2]
Current state and federal requirements require that children covered by MaineCare be screened for blood lead at 1 and 2 years of age. All other Maine children are required to be screened for blood lead at these same ages unless a risk assessment indicates the absence of lead hazards (22 MRSA §1317-D).
Screening for lead poisoning identifies children who have elevated blood lead levels. For every child identified with an elevated blood lead level, efforts are undertaken to reduce those blood lead levels and prevent them from worsening. Screening children for lead poisoning is also a way of identifying housing with lead hazards and/or risk behaviors (e.g., bringing lead home from a workplace or job). For every child identified with an elevated blood lead level, future poisonings are prevented by efforts to make housing lead-safe. For these reasons, screening is considered a method of secondary prevention of lead poisoning. In contrast, primary prevention seeks to identify, control, and eliminate lead hazards before children are exposed or poisoned.
The Lead Poisoning Prevention Fund was established by the Maine Legislature to support primary prevention efforts so that the state could meet its statutory goal to eliminate childhood lead poisoning (22 MRSA §1314-A and §1322-E ). Much progress has been made toward the goal of eliminating lead poisoning. In 1997, more than 400 children were newly identified as having an elevated blood lead level (by convention, defined as 10 micrograms lead per deciliter of blood or higher, or 10 μg/dL). In 2010, 106 Maine children were identified as having an elevated blood lead level. The trend is decidedly downward.
Figure 1. Number of newly identified children under 6 years of age with an elevated blood lead level, by year for the period 2003- 2010.
The 123rd Maine Legislature enacted, Public Law Chapter 186, a Resolve “To Achieve Universal Blood Lead Level Screening in Maine Children.” It directed the Department of Health and Human Services, Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention (ME-CDC) to report to the Joint Standing Committee Health and Human Services on the following:
1) Identification of areas of the State of high-risk for childhood lead poisoning;
2) Progress made in achieving universal blood lead screening in designated high-risk areas; and
3) Lessons learned in attempting to achieve universal blood lead testing and recommendations.
The first report was delivered in January 2009. This document presents the third report.
1) Identification of High-Risk Areas of Childhood Lead Poisoning
The ME-CDC’s Environmental Occupational Health Program completed a major two-year effort to compile, perform data quality checks, and geocode childhood blood lead surveillance data for the years 2003 through 2007. These data were analyzed and mapped to identify communities of the state that have “high counts” of cases of newly identified children with an elevated blood lead level. Counts of children with elevated blood lead level (i.e., a confirmed blood lead level equal to or above 10 micrograms lead per deciliter blood, or 10 ug/dL) for the years 2003 - 2007 were mapped to the town level (see Figure 1).
This mapping identified five areas of the state that collectively represented 40% of all identified cases of children with an elevated blood lead level (eBLL). These five areas are: Bangor, Biddeford-Saco, Lewiston-Auburn, Portland-Westbrook, and Sanford.
FIGURE 1. Number of newly identified children under 6 years of age with an elevated blood lead level, by town for the years 2003- 2007.
ME-CDC further determined that between 80% and 95%, depending on the community, of these cases of children with eBLLs were living in rental housing. Higher counts of children with eBLLs are to be expected for towns with higher populations. To determine whether these five communities represent areas of “high risk” for children with eBLLs, ME-CDC computed a measure of the rate of lead poisoning, specifically, the percent of children with eBLLs relative to the total number of children screened for blood lead. Using this “rate” measure, we determined that the rates for these five communities were significantly above the rest of the state (i.e., statewide excluding these five communities) – see Table 1 in addendum.
ME-CDC has focused efforts to promote screening of children for eBLLs, as well as efforts to reduce rates of eBBLs, on these five communities. The following sections present summaries of the latest outreach and prevention efforts, the latest data on screening rates for these five communities, and signs of progress in reducing rates of eBLLs.
2) Progress toward universal blood lead screening in designated high-risk areas.
A. New Initiatives Launched
The ME-CDC is continuing several initiatives described in the last legislative report that are intended to promote increased blood lead screening statewide as well as in high-risk areas. These initiatives were largely made possible by the Lead Poisoning Prevention Fund, established by the Legislature in 2005 (22 MRSA §1322-E).[3] One initiative is an annual, statewide, targeted mailing to all families with children between the ages of 1 and 2 years. The mailing consists of a brochure that includes information for families about lead paint hazards, an offer of free lead dust test kit, and a postage-paid return card to request more information, including how to get a child’s blood tested for lead. A second initiative was the establishment of contracts to community groups called Healthy Maine Partnerships, located in each of the five high-risk areas. These contracts provided local communities support for targeted outreach efforts to tenants living in neighborhoods identified as having the highest burden of lead poisoning. With the passage of “An Act to Increase the Availability of Lead Testing for Children,”[4] ME-CDC is moving forward to implement this legislation which is aimed at reducing a known barrier to blood lead testing – the need for patients to travel to an off-site location to have their blood tested. Each of these initiatives is discussed in more detail in the following pages.
Targeted Mailing Campaign: The Lead Poisoning Prevention Fund enabling legislation requires that targeted educational mailings be sent to families with children that occupy dwellings built prior to 1978 with information on the health hazards of lead, the identification of lead sources, actions to take to prevent lead exposure, and the importance of screening children for lead poisoning. This effort was launched in 2009 and has been continuing since.
Approximately 11,000 brochures were sent out statewide in October 2011 to all Maine families with 1-year-old children as identified through the Maine Birth Certificate Registry. This mailing was supported by a more targeted distribution of the same brochure by the Healthy Maine Partners under contract in the high-risk areas. The brochure promotes screening and provides a way to request a tipsheet specifically about screening. For the five high-risk areas, 233 recipients of the direct mailing requested the tipsheet about screening. The Healthy Maine Partners in the five high-risk areas distributed an additional 1,000 copies of the tipsheet encouraging blood lead screening through multiple channels and interactions in their communities.
Contracts to High-Risk Areas: Funds from the Lead Poisoning Prevention Fund are used to provide contracts to community coalitions (Healthy Maine Partnerships) in the five high-risk areas to promote identification of lead hazards, and to support landlord and tenant education and outreach. Approximately $30,000 is being allocated to each high-risk area annually. The first funds were provided to communities in the summer of 2009. While the major focus of the Lead Poisoning Prevention Fund is primary prevention (i.e., preventing children from being exposed to lead, rather than identifying children who have been poisoned through screening) many of the activities in the high-risk areas also promote screening. Following are just a few examples of community-level efforts in the high-risk areas to promote screening.
Bangor: The Healthy Maine Partner in Bangor determined that the Community Connector, the public transportation system operated by the city to serve the Greater Bangor Region, could be a highly effective way to reach the population of concern with lead poisoning prevention messages. Populations with lower incomes are more likely to use the bus, and the bus makes regular trips through areas of the city known to have lead problems. The Healthy Maine Partner placed three public service advertisements inside and a larger version on the outside of a Community Connector bus. The advertisements are aimed at parents of young children and encourage them to check with their child’s doctor about a blood lead test. Unveiled during National Lead Poisoning Prevention Week, the ad campaign received coverage from the local television news station. Photographs of the bus advertisement can be found in an addendum to this report.
Biddeford-Saco: In Biddeford-Saco, our funded partner distributed materials to parents for distribution through schools (grades K-6). Through this effort, the Healthy Maine Partner was able to reach approximately 1,500 children and parents. In addition, several hundred pieces of educational material were distributed to WIC clients and HeadStart clients in Biddeford-Saco. The brochure used in the targeted mailing campaign (see “Targeted Mailing Campaign” above) offering information about blood lead screening and a free home lead dust test kit has been offered to Section 8 tenants with children under age 6 years. Lead poisoning prevention messages are played before movies at the Saco Cinemagic theater.
Portland-Westbrook: In partnership with Catholic Charities, the Healthy Maine Partner in Portland is conducting free classes for recent immigrants, providing lead poisoning prevention and screening education in their native language with translated materials. Section 8 tenants with children under age 6 years receive the brochure used in the targeted mailing campaign with information about screening and offering a free lead dust test kit. In addition, the Healthy Maine Partner conducted a direct mailing to over 2,000 businesses and individuals within Cumberland County who are at risk for exposure to “take home lead” (i.e., lead that is transferred to the home from the body or clothing of someone that works with lead). This messaging also included information about blood lead screening. The Healthy Maine Partner in Portland also placed advertisements in publications such as the Falmouth Forecaster and Raising Maine (a newspaper directed to Maine moms).
Lewiston-Auburn: The partner in Lewiston-Auburn modified their Healthy Homes classes for New Mainers, creating a “Neighbor to Neighbor” outreach program. In the Neighbor to Neighbor program, 26 Somali and Somali Bantu women received training about lead poisoning prevention so that they could, in turn, educate their neighbors about lead poisoning. Participants appreciated the approach to the topic and the emphasis on educating their neighbors and others within the community. The 26 women were able to meet with a total of 109 of their neighbors. In addition, the partner in Lewiston-Auburn has distributed over 500 copies of lead poisoning prevention and screening materials to HeadStart families. In the spring if 2011, community partners in Lewiston-Auburn worked with the ME-CDC to hold a focus group with Somali and Somali Bantu residents to discuss issues around lead poisoning in the Somali community and how to reduce risk and increase screening within this community.