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Department of Biochemistry
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences
PRACTICALSOF MEDICAL CHEMISTRY
for Students of Medicine and Odontology
Kaunas, 2013
SCHEDULE OF MEDICAL CHEMISTRY LECTURES
FOR MEDICINE AND ODONTOLOGY 1st YEAR STUDENTS
( Spring semester, 2013)
The lectures take place at 800–930
N / Date / Title of lectures / Location1 / March 28 / 1. Water and solutions. Prof Ramunė Morkūnienė / Room 427
2 / March 29 / 2. Properties of buffers. Prof Ramunė Morkūnienė / Room 427
March 30 -
April 7 / Easter holiday
3 / April 8 / 3. Basics of colloidal chemistry. Prof Laima Ivanovienė / Room 427
4 / April 9 / 4. Heterogenic processes. Prof Artūras Kašauskas / Room 427
5 / April 10 / 5. Coordination compounds. Prof Artūras Kašauskas / The Small auditorium
6 / April 11 / 6. Thermodynamics. Prof Artūras Kašauskas / Room 427
7 / April 12 / 7. Chemical kinetics and catalysis. (for Medical students only)
Prof Laima Ivanovienė / Room 427
April 13
April 14
8 / April 15
April 16 / CONTROL TEST I
9 / April 17 / 8. Classes of organic compounds. Prof Ramunė Morkūnienė
/ The Small auditorium
10 / April 18 / 9. Isomers. (for Medical students only) Prof Artūras Kašauskas / Room 427
11 / April 19 / 10. Alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids.
Prof Artūras Kašauskas / Room 427
April 20
April 21
12 / April 22 / 11. Carbohydrates. Prof Ramunė Morkūnienė / Room 427
13 / April 23 / 12. Nucleotides and nucleic acids. Prof Artūras Kašauskas / Room 427
14 / April 24 / 13. Amino acids and proteins. Prof Laima Ivanovienė
/ The Big auditorium
15 / April 25 / 14. Fatty acids and lipids. Prof Laima Ivanovienė / Room 427
April 26 / CONTROL TEST II
April 27
April 28
April 29
April 30 / FINAL EXAM
Head of the Biochemistry department Prof. L. Ivanovienė
SCHEDULE OF MEDICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY WORK
FOR 1st YEAR MEDICINE AND ODONTOLOGY STUDENTS
(Spring semester, 2013)
Laboratory practicals take place in laboratory124
945–1145 for groups 31, 32, 36 MF R.Morkūnienė/S.Dubickienė
1200–1400 for groups 29, 33 MF L.Ivanovienė
1400-1600 for groups 30, 34, 35 MF A.Kašauskas/S.Dubickienė
1600-1800 for groups 13-15 OF students A.Kašauskas/S.Dubickienė
N / Date / Title of laboratory practicals1 / March 28 / 1. Principles of safe work in a chemical laboratory.
Preparation of solutions. Percent concentration.
2 / March 29 / 2. Preparation of molar solutions: molar concentration.
March 30 -
April 7 / Easter holiday
3 / April 8 / 3. Volumetric analysis. Acid-base titration.
4 / April 9 / 4. Preparation of buffer solutions.
Buffering capacity and its determination.
5 / April 10 / 5. Preparation of colloidal solutions.
Effect of ions on coagulation of colloidal solutions.
6 / April 11 / 6. High-molecular mass compounds and their properties: jellynation.
7 / April 12 / 7. Coordination-compound based determination of water hardness.
April 13
April 14
8 / April 15 / 8. Last minute arrangements.
April 16 / CONTROL TEST I.
9 / April 17 / 9. Chemical catalysis and thermodynamics of chemical processes. Examples of reaction rate changes, effect of a catalyst, equilibrium shift.
Determination of Michaelis-Menten constant of an enzyme from experimental data (Dry practical). (This day laboratory works are for Medical students only)
10 / April 18 / 10. Carbonyl compounds – aldehydes, ketones and acids. Their properties – specific reactions of functional groups. Esters and lipids. Determination of products of lipid peroxidation.
11 / April 19 / 11. Basics of organic compounds. Some chemical properties of alcohols, phenols and amines.
April 20
April 21
12 / April 22 / 12. Chemical properties of mono- and polysaccharides.
13 / April 23 / 13. Nucleotides and nucleic acids: characteristic reactions. Specific reactions for products of nucleic acid hydrolysis.
14 / April 24 / 14. Specific chemical reactions for amines, amino acids and proteins. Estimation of molecular mass of a protein from the gel chromatography data (Dry practical). Estimation of molecular mass of a protein by the electrophoresis method (Dry practical).
15 / April 25 / 15. Last minute arrangements.
April 26 / CONTROL TEST II
April 27
April 28
April 29 / Repetition of control tests if failed
April 30 / FINAL EXAM
Head of the Biochemistry department Prof. L. Ivanovienė
Questions for the control test N1 - 2013
1. Characteristics of water molecule. Distribution of charges.
2. Hydrophylic, hydrophobic and amphipatic compounds.
3. Types of real solutions. Electrolytes and non-electrolytes.
4. Calculation of percent concentration. Calculation of molarity.
5. Osmolarity of real solutions. Isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions.
6. Electrolytic dissociation of weak electrolytes. Principle of Le Chatelier.
7. Dissociation of water - pH. Calculation of pH as the function of -log[H+]. Calculation of pOH
8. pK - meaning and a way of its determination.
9. Buffering capacity of buffers. What compounds can act as buffers in solutions.
10. Bicarbonate buffer system of human blood. Know how to calculate its efficiency using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
11. Properties of colloidal solutions. Composition of micelle.
12. Coagulation of colloidal solutions. What factor is responsible for resistance of colloidal solution against coagulation.
13. Properties of biopolymer solutions.
14. Solubility and solubility product. Heterogeneous equilibrium. What factors promote shifting of the heterogeneous equilibrium?
15. Adsorption and absorption. Factors which influence adsorption process.
Ion-exchange adsorption.
16. Coordination compounds, their properties.
17. Complexones. Characteristic of complexones and some examples of them (EDTA, Trilon B).
18. Systems in the thermodynamics.
19. First law of thermodynamics.
20. Second law of thermodynamic.
Questions to the 2nd control test on Medical Chemistry - 2013
1. Functional groups.
2. Sigma and pi bonds.
3. Important reactions of organic compounds
4. Level of organic compound oxidation
5. Naming of organic compounds by IUPAC
6. Chemical properties of alcohols and phenols.
7. Reactions for identification of aldehyde group.
8. Saponification.
9. Classification of monosaccharides.
10. Structure of main monosaccharides and disaccharides. Anomeric C atom.
11. Polysaccharides: structure and types of bonds.
12. Physical and chemical properties of saturated fatty acids. Structural formulas of palmitic and stearic acids.
13. Physical and chemical properties of unsaturated fatty acids. Omega-classification. Structural formulas of linolic and linolenic acids.
14. Fats and oils. Structure of glycerophospholipids.
15. Properties of cholesterol
16. Formation of peptide bond.
17. Acid-base properties of amino acids.
18. Nitrogen bases, nucleosides and nucleotides: their nomenclature and chemical structure.
19. Chemical structure of nucleic acids and its relation to the appropriate biological function.
20. Hydrogen bonds between molecules of organic compounds. Solubility in water.
QUESTIONS FOR FINAL EXAMINATION ON MEDICAL CHEMISTRY
2012-2013 academic year
1. Characteristics of water molecule. Hydrogen bond.
2. Hydrophylic, hydrophobic and amphipatic compounds.
3. Electrolytes and non-electrolytes.
4. Percent concentration (m/m %, v/v %, m/v %). Molar concentration.
5. Colligative properties. Osmotic pressure, osmolarity.
6. Electrolytic dissociation of weak electrolytes. Le Chatelier's principle.
7. Index of acidity (pH).
8. Buffers. Buffering capacity. pH calculations with buffers: the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
9. Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system and phosphate buffer system: principles of their action.
10. Real solutions, colloidal solutions and low dispersion systems.
11. High-molecular mass compounds, properties of high molecular mass compound solutions.
12. Coagulation of colloidal solutions: its kinetics and factors, affecting coagulation.
13. Heterogeneous processes. Heterogeneous equilibrium. Examples of the heterogeneous processes occurring in the human body.
14. Adsorption and absorption. Adsorption when adsorbent is liquid substance: surface-active substances, aeroembolism (decompression sickness).
15. Coordination compounds, the structure of coordination compounds.
16. Dissociation of coordination compounds, instability constant of coordination compounds.
17. Chelates, their structure. Complexones.
18. Hess’s law.
19. Entropy and enthalpy.
20. Gibbs free energy.
21. Exergonic and endergonic reactions.
22. Reaction rate. Rate law.
23. Effect of temperature on reaction rate.
24. Effect of catalysts on chemical reaction: on activation energy, reaction rate and equilibrium constant.
25. Sigma bonds in organic compounds
26. Pi bonds in organic compounds
27. Functional groups.
28. Level of organic compounds oxidation.
29. Structural isomers.
30. Cis- and trans-isomers.
31. Chiral carbon atom.
32. L and D-isomers.
33. Classification of alcohols, with examples.
34. Chemical properties of alcohols and phenols.
35. Identification of phenols.
36. Identification of aldehyde group.
37. Chemical properties of carboxylic acids.
38. Monosaccharides: aldoses and ketoses; be able to draw structural formulas of an aldose and a ketose.
39. Anomeric C atom.
40. Mutarotation.
41. Glycosidic bond in di- and polysacharide. Types of the bond.
42. Omega series of fatty acids.
43. Chemical properties of triacylglycerols. Acidic and alkaline hydrolysis: reaction equations with formulas of initial and final reactants.
44. Structure and properties of cholesterol.
45. Classification of amino acids (know formulas of all 20 amino acids)
46. Zwitterions. Isoelectric point.
47. Specific chemical reactions for amino acids and peptides (from lab works).
48. Structures of nucleosides and nucleotides; their nomenclatures.
49. Types of bonds in nucleosides and in nucleotides.
50. Chemical structure of nucleic acids. Types of nucleic acids.
Medical Chemistry. requirements for study:
Practical work
1. The attendance of practical work is obligatory. Missing practical work is not allowed.
2. The practical work descriptions together with the report forms have to be printed out and bond into a folder.
3. The practical work has to be defended during the time allotted for the particular laboratory assignment. Students have to fill in the report form, complete additional tasks and prepare to answer questions provided in the description of the practical work. Only the defended practical work will be accepted.
4. Practical work will make 10% of the final assessment (up to 1 point).
5. For the credit a student must have all practical work completed and defended.
Control tests
1. Students will take 2 control tests during the cycle on the material delivered during the lectures before the test.
2. The tests will be prepared as MCQs. To pass, a student needs to collect 40% of the correct answers. There will be one day to pass the test failed (only one test of the two by students choice).
3. The tests are obligatory.
4. For the credit students have to pass at least 1 control test.
5. The control tests will make 50% (1st – 25%, 2nd – 25%) of the final assessment (up to 5 points).
Final examination
1. The exam is a multiple-choice test of 50 questions.
2. To pass, a student needs to collect 50% of the correct answers.
3. The exam will make 40% of the final assessment (up to 4 points).
SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS FOR WORK IN THE MEDICAL CHEMISTRY LAB
I. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1. A student is only allowed to work after listening to the safety instructions and signing in the registration book: a student must know the character of possible accidents and be able to provide first-aid.
2. A student must know:
- Location of water and gas taps;
- location of electrical switches;
- location of fire extinguishers;
- location of the first-aid kit;
and be able to use them properly in an emergency situation.
3. In the lab it is not allowed:
- to be without a lab coat;
- to disturb others by unnecessary talking and walking round;
- to eat and drink;
- to work in the absence of the teacher or technician;
- to do things not related to the laboratory work;
- to carry out experiments not included in the teaching plan;
- to use damaged equipment and unfamiliar substances.
II. REQUIREMENTS BEFORE THE WORK
- to understand the task which is going to be carried out;
- to know properties of the reagents to be used and properties of the reaction products, and to know how to handle them safely;
- to know how to work properly and safely with the equipment and glassware required for that particular laboratory work;
- the lab bench, on which you are going to do the experiment, must be clean and in order, without unnecessary equipment, glassware or personal belongings.
III. REQUIREMENTS DURING THE WORK
1. Avoid noisy behaviour, keep everything clean and tidy.
2. During laboratory work it is not allowed:
- to leave working electrical equipment and burning gas burners unattended;
- to leave the laboratory without teacher’s permission;
- to work with damaged equipment or glassware;
- to work with unknown substances;
- to remove reagents from the places they have to stay;
- to overload the lab bench with books, unnecessary reagents, glassware, etc.;
- to leave gas burners and electrical equipment switched on when they are not needed;
3. Carefully follow the description of the laboratory work
4. When working with concentrated acids, bases, flammable substances or reagents with unpleasant odour, all the work must be done under a fume hood.
5. When heating over a flame, a test tube has to be inclined at an angle of 45° and pointed away from the working person and other students.
6. Spilt reagents and broken glassware have to be cleaned immediately with appropriate precautions and under supervision of the technician.
IV. REQUIREMENTS AFTER THE WORK.
- turn off equipment, water and gas taps;
- wash the glassware and clean the work surface;
- place all the equipment, reagents and glassware in appropriate places.
V. FIRST-AID.
1. First-aid to the injured person has to be immediate and correct. All people present in the room must be ready to help.
2. If chemical compound gets on the face, eyes, hands or clothes, they have to be washed immediately with large amounts of water.
3. Every accident must be reported to the teacher.
4. In the case of more serious injuries, intoxications or burns, an ambulance must be called immediately.
5. In the case of electric shock, the power must be turned off immediately. If the victim is unconscious, cardiac massage and artificial respiration should be started right away.
The example of the laboratory work report
Name Family name
Group N Year Faculty
Laboratory work N …..
Title ……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………