Period 5 Study Guide- Industrialization and Global Integration 1750-1900

Period 5 Study Guide- Industrialization and Global Integration 1750-1900

I. Industrialization and Global Capitalization-change in production of goods—gradual process though called the Industrial Revolution

A. Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced

1. A variety of factors led to the rise of industrial production- you need to know something about all of these factors:

a) Europe’s location on Atlantic Ocean,

b) geographic distribution of coal, iron and timber,

c) European demographic changes [smaller families/move from rural to urban],

d) urbanization [cities on rise],

e) improved agricultural productivity [due to crop rotation, fertilizers, improved machines],

f) legal protection by government of private property,

g) abundance of rivers and canals,

h) access to foreign resources,

i) accumulation of capital ($$)

2. Development of machines including STEAM ENGINE and the internal combustion engine to exploit new resources of energy esp coal and oil

3. Development of factory system concentrated labor in single location to increase specialization of labor (notice this is a continuity since period 1)

4. Industrial Revolution began in England then France then moved to rest of Europe, then US, Japan and Russia

5. Second Industrial Revolution led to methods in production of steel, chemicals, electricity, during second half of 19th century

B. New patterns of global trade and production developed and further linked global economy as industrialists sought raw materials and new markets

1. Need for raw materials for factories and increased food supplies for growing population in cities led to growth of export economies around the world that specialized in producing a SINGLE NATURAL RESOURCE-(like cotton in India, rubber/ Southeast Asia, palm oil, sugar/Caribbean, wheat, meat, guano, metal/mineral/South Africa) profits used to purchase finished goods

2. Rapid development of industrial production contributed to the decline of economically productive, agriculturally based economies Ex: Textile production in India

3. Rapid increase in productivity caused by Industrial production encouraged industrialized states to seek out new consumer markets for their finished goods -- Exs: British and French attempts to open up China to trade, US (Perry) trying to open Japan

4. Need for specialized and limited metals for industrial production as well as the global demand for gold, silver, diamonds as forms of wealth, led to development of extensive mining centers—Examples of mining centers: copper mines in Mexico, gold and diamond mines in South Africa

C. To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production, financiers (men with money) developed and expanded various financial institutions (banks)

1. Development of capitalism –Adam Smith Wealth of Nations- gov stays out of economics/prices

2. Financial instruments expanded Exs: stock markets (buy and sell shares of stock to limit risk), Insurance, gold standard (money backed by gold in government’s reserves), limited liability corporations (gov protects investors by limiting their responsibility if the business hurts someone)

3. Large trans-national businesses (businesses operating in more than one state) Exs: United Fruit Company in Latin America, Hong Kong and Shanghai banking corporation (British business in East Asia)

D. Major developments in transportation and communication—Know all of these: railroads, steamships, telegraph, canals

E. Development and spread of global capitalism led to variety of responses

1. Workers organize in response to Industrial Revolution to improve working conditions, limit hours, higher wages Exs: Utopian Socialists, socialists, Marxism, anarchism

2. In Qing China and Ottoman Empire (both on decline as period 5 progressed) some members of government resisted economic change and attempted to maintain preindustrial forms of economic production

3. Some governments promoted their own state sponsored visions of industrialization Exs: economic reforms of Meiji Japan, development of factories and RR (trans-Siberian) in Czarist Russia, China’s self strengthening movement, Muhammad Ali’s development of cotton textile industry in Egypt

4. Some states sponsored social reforms Exs: state pensions (retirement) and public health in Germany, expansion of suffrage (voting) in Britain, public education in many states

F. Was people organized themselves changed

1. New social classes including middle class and working class

2. Family dynamics, gender roles and demographics changed in response to industrialization (smaller families, everyone in working class working outside home in different places)

3. Rapid urbanization led to unsanitary conditions as well as new forms of community (think about our picture of the dirty city/pollution/no sewage)

II. Imperialism and Nation-state formation (notice the focus on Europe/west)

A. Industrialized states established transoceanic empires (Imperialism)

1. States with existing colonies strengthened their control of those colonies Exs: British in India took complete control after Sepoy rebellion, Dutch in Indonesia

2. European states, plus US and Japan established empires throughout Asia and Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined –Exs of those who est empires-British, Dutch, French, Germans, Russians, US, Japan

3. Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to establish empires in Africa -- Exs: France in northwest Africa like Algeria & Morocco, Britain in South Africa, Nigeria & Kenya, Belgium in Congo –only Liberia and Ethiopia ind

4. Europeans est some settler colonies: Exs: British in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, French in Algeria

5. Some states had economic imperialism-controlled the economics rather than the gov Exs: British in China post Opium Wars, British and US in Latin America (US considered Bully of North)

B. Imperialism created some new states and caused others to decline

1. American Imperialism (Matthew Perry and Black ships) caused the daimyo to revolt against Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan and led to Meiji Restoration and Industrial Rev in Japan

2. US and Russia wanted to be like Europe and expanded their territories

3. Anti-Imperialism led to DECLINE of Ottoman Empire. Ottomans lost land—exs: independent states in Balkans, semi-independence of Egypt (leading to British control of Egypt and Suez canal)

4. New states developed on the edges of existing empires. Exs: Cherokee nation in US, Siam between English and French colonies in SE Asia, Hawaii, Zulu Kingdom in South Africa

5. Development and spread of nationalism Ex: Nationalism leads to unification of Germany (new country of Germany), Filipino nationalism (SE Asia), Liberian Nationalism (West Africa)

C. New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated and justified Imperialism

III. Nationalism, Revolution and reform

A. Ideas of the Enlightenment (social contract-man has a role in gov) preceded revolutions

1. Thinkers applied new ways of understanding the natural world (remember Enlightenment is right after the Scientific Revolution) to develop political rights Exs: Voltaire=freedom of speech, Montesquieu=separation of powers of gov, Locke=natural rights and social contract, Rousseau= social contract and rights of majority, Wollstonecraft=rights of women)

2. Ideas of Enlightenment thinkers influenced resistance to existing political authority as reflected in revolutionary documents **You must know all of these Exs** American Declaration of Independence, French Declaration of Rights of man, Simon Bolivar’s Jamaica letter

3. These ideas influenced many people to challenge existing notions of social relationships which led to expansion of rights

B. Beginning in the 18th century, peoples around the world developed new sense of commonality (nationalism) based on language, religion, social customs and territory

C. Increasing anger with imperialist rulers led to reform and revolutions (notice that revolutions happen throughout the colonial world-a good similarity of per 5)

1. Subjects (people) challenged centralized governments Exs: US, French, Haiti, Latin American revolutions of Haiti, Columbia, etc. (except not Brazil which was led by gov), Marathas to Mughal sultans

2. SLAVES revolted Exs: Haiti, Maroon societies in Latin America of runaway slaves

3. Anti-colonial movements: Exs: Indian revolt of 1857 (Sepoy Rebellion over cultural insensitivity of British), Boxer Rebellion in China when Europe aided empress in stopping revolt)

4. Some rebellions influenced by Religion. Exs: Taiping Rebellion in China (led by fanatical Christian), Ghost Dance of Native Americans in US, Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement in South Africa

5. Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to reforms in Imperialist policies. Exs: Tanzimat movement (reforms in Ottoman empire based on Western military and political ideas), Self Strengthening movement (Chinese reforms led by Qing after defeat to British –western style reforms to modernize China)

D. Discontent with traditional European rule/gov created desire for new models of government

1. Development of new political ideas of liberalism, socialism and communism

2. Demands for women’s suffrage (voting) and growing feminism. Exs: Mary Wollstonecraft, resolutions passed at Seneca Falls convention in US by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Olympe de Gouges’s Declaration of rights of women and the female citizen

IV. Global Migration (anytime you see a migration think about what the people bring with them: culture, lang, ideas, labor force, etc)

A. Migration sometimes caused by changes in demographics that presented problems to living

1. Improved food production and improved medical conditions led to rise in population

2. New transportation led to people going to the cities

B. Migrants moved for a variety of reasons

1. Voluntary migration for jobs

2. Involuntary migration to meet labor needs. *You must know all of these* Exs: slavery, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, convict labor [in Australia]

3. Some migrations were seasonal/temporary. Exs: Japanese agricultural workers in Pacific, Lebanese merchants in Americas, Italians in Argentina

C. Variety of consequences and reactions to diverse societies caused by migrations

1. Migrants tended to be men, leaving women to take on new roles in home society

2. Migrants often created ethnic enclaves/areas in different parts of world which helped transport their culture and facilitated a network to help the migrants. Exs: Chinest in SE Asia, the Caribbean, and North American west; Indians in East and southern Africa, the Caribbean and SE Asia (think about the DBQ you wrote on this topic!)

3. Area where migrants moved did not always welcome the migrants and those areas tried to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders (anti-immigrant feelings) Exs: Chinese Exclusion Acts in US, White Australian policy