Leadership for Feminist Movement Building: an Intergenerational Conversation on Theory

Leadership for Feminist Movement Building: An Intergenerational Conversation on Theory, Practice and Philanthropy

Stanford University

Literature Review

Spark

Stanford University’s Center for Philanthropy and Civil Society (PACS)

Michelle R. Clayman Institute for Gender Research

Stanford Women's Community Center

CDDRL’s Program on Social Entrepreneurship

Contents

Articles about Intergenerational Feminism (Synopses) 8

Deborah Abowitz, The Campus "F" Word: Feminist Self-Identification (and not) among Undergraduates, 34 International Journal of Sociology of the Family 43(Spring 2008). 8

Hokulni Aikau, Karla A. Erickson, and Jennifer L. Pierce, Feminist Waves, Feminist Generations: Life Stories from the Academy (Univ. Of Minnesota Press 2007). 8

Rita Alfonso and Jo Trigilio, Surfing the Third Wave: A DialogueBetween Two Third Wave Feminists, 12 Hypatia 7 (Summer 1997). 8

Pamela Aronson, Feminists or Postfeminists: Young Women's Attitudes toward Feminism and Gender Relations, 17 Gender and Society 903 (Dec. 2003). 8

Cathryn Bailey, Making Waves and Drawing Lines: The Politics of Defining the Vicissitudes of Feminism, 12 Hyptia 17 (Summer 1997). 8

Baumgardner and Richards, Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism, and the Future (Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2000). 8

Catherine I. Bolzendahl and Daniel J. Myers, Feminist Attitudes and Support for Gender Equality: Opinion Change in Women and Men, 1974 – 1998, 83 Social Forces 759 (Dec. 2004). 10

Bondoc and Meg Daly, Letters of Intent: Women Cross the Generations to Talk about Family, Work, Sex, Love and the Future of Feminism (Free Press 1999). 10

Ann Braithwaite, The Personal, the Political, Third Wave and Postfeminisms, 3 Feminist Theory 335 (2002). 10

LuAnn Cooley, Transformational Learning and Third-Wave Feminism, 5 Journal of Transformative Education 304 (2007). 10

Madelyn Deltoff, Mean Spirits: The Politics of Contempt between Feminist Generations, 12 Hypatia : Third Wave Feminisms 76 (Summer, 1997. 10

Dicker and Piepmeier, Catching a Wave: Reclaiming Feminism for the 21st Century (Northeastern 2003). 11

Harde and Harde, “Voices and Visions: A Mother and Daughter Discuss Coming to Feminism and Being Feminist.” 11

In Catching a Wave, pp. 116-137. 11

Astrid Henry, “Feminism's Family Problem: Feminist Generations and the Mother Daughter Trope.” 11

In Catching a Wave, pp. 209-231. 11

Susan Faludi, American Electra: Feminism's Ritual Matricide, Harper's Magazine, October 2010. 11

Suzanne Ferriss and Mallory Young, Chicks, Girls and Choice: Redefining Feminism, 6 Junctures 87 (June 2006) 11

Barbara Findlen, Listen up: Voicesfromthe NextFeminist Generation (Seal Press 1995). 13

Estelle Freedman, No Turning Back: the History of Feminism and the Future of Women (Ballantine Books 2003). 13

Estelle Freedman, The Essential Feminist Reader (Modern Library 2007). 13

Ednie K. Garrison, U.S. Feminism-Grrrl Style! Youth (Sub)Cultures and the Technologics of the Third Wave, 26 Feminist Studies 141 (Spring 2000). 13

Stacy Gillis and Rebecca Munford, Genealogies and Generations: the Politics and Praxis of Third Wave Feminism, 13 Women's History Review 165 (2004). 13

Stacy Gillis, Gillian Howie and Rebecca Munford, Third Wave Feminism: A Critical Exploration (Palgrave Macmillan 2007). 13

Stephanie Gilmore, Feminist Coalitions: Historical Perspectives on Second-Wave Feminism in the United States (University of Illinois Press 2008). 15

Anita Harris, All about the Girl: Culture, Power, and Identity (Routledge 2004). 15

Astrid Henry, Not My Mother’s Sister: Generational Conflict and Third-Wave Feminism (Indiana University Press 2004). 15

Astrid Henry, Enviously Grateful, Gratefully Envious: The Dynamics of Generational Relationships in U.S. Feminism, 34 Women's Studies Quarterly 140 (Fall - Winter 2006). 15

Daisy Hernández and Bushra Rehman, Colonize This! : Young Women of Color on Today's Feminism (Seal Press 2002). 16

Leslie Heywood and Jennifer Drake, Third Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism (Univ. of Minnesota Press 1997). 16

Leslie Heywood, The Women's Movement Today: an Encyclopedia of Third-Wave Feminism (Greenwood Press 2006). 16

Lisa Hogeland, Against GenerationalThinking, or, Some ThingsThat “Third Wave”Feminism Isn't, 24 Women's Studiesin Communication 107 (Spring 2001). 16

Paula Kamen, Feminist Fatale: Voices from the ‘Twentysomething’ Generation Explore the Future of the “Women's Movement” (Plume 1991). 16

Amber Kinser, Negotiating Spaces For/Through Third-Wave Feminism, 16 NWSA Journal 124 (Fall 2004). 16

Marta Lamas, Feminism: Transmissions and Retransmissions (Palgrave Macmillan 2011). 16

Looser and Kaplan, Generations: Academic Feminists in Dialogue (Univ. of Minnesota Press 1997). 17

Colleen Mack-Canty, Third-Wave Feminism and the Need to Reweave the Nature/Culture Duality, 16 NWSA Journal 154 (Fall 2004). 17

Martin and Sullivan, Click: When We Knew We Were Feminists (Seal Press 2010). 17

Janice McCabe, What's in a Label? The Relationship between Feminist Self-Identification and ‘Feminist’ Attitudes among U.S. Women and Men, 19 Gender and Society 480 (Aug. 2005). 17

Catherine Orr, Charting the Currents of the Third Wave, 12 Hypatia: Third Wave Feminisms 29 (Summer 1997). 17

Pia Peltola, Melissa A. Milkie, Stanley Presser, The “Feminist” Mystique: Feminist Identity in Three Generations of Women, 18 Gender and Society 122 (Feb. 2004). 19

Jennifer Purvis, Grrrls and Women Together in the Third Wave: Embracing the Challenges of Intergenerational Feminism(s), 16 NWSA Journal 93 (Fall 2004). 19

Jo Reger, Different Wavelengths: Studies of the Contemporary Women's Movement (Routledge 2005). 19

Susanne Beechey, “When Feminism is Your Job: Age and Power in Women’s Policy Organizations.” 19

In Different Wavelengths, pp. 117-136. 19

Barbara Duncan, “Searching for a Home Place: Online in the Third Wave.” 20

In Different Wavelengths, pp. 161-178. 20

Stephanie Gilmore, “Bridging the Waves: Sex and Sexuality in a Second Wave Organization.” 20

Astrid Henry, “Solidarity Sisterhood: Individualism Meets Collectivity in Feminism’s Third Wave.” 20

In Different Wavelengths, pp. 81-96. 20

Ednie Kaeh Garrison, “Are We on the Same Wavelength Yet?” 20

In Different Wavelengths, pp. 237-256. 20

Nancy Naples, "Confronting the Future, Learning from the Past: Feminist Praxis in the Twenty-First Century." 20

In Different Wavelengths, pp. 215-236. 20

Leila Rupp, Is Feminism the Province of Old (or Middle-Aged) Women?, 12 Journal of Women's History 164 (Winter 2001). 20

Jason Schnittker, Jeremy Freese, Brian Powell, Who Are Feminists and What Do They Believe? The Role of Generations, 68 American Sociological Review 607 (Aug. 2003). 20

Helene Shugart, Isn’t It Ironic: The Intersection of Third-Wave Feminism and Generation X, 24 Women's Studies in Communication 131 (Fall 2001). 22

Deborah Siegel, Sisterhood, Interrupted: From Radical Women to Grrls Gone Wild (Palgrave Macmillan 2007). 22

Roberta S. Sigel and John V. Reynolds, Generational Differences and the Women's Movement, 94 Political Science Quarterly 635 (Winter 1979-1980). 22

Claire Snyder, What Is Third‐Wave Feminism? A New Directions Essay, 34 Signs 175 (Autumn 2008). 22

Christina Sommers, Who Stole Feminism? How Women have Betrayed Women (Simon & Schuster 1995). 22

Kimberly Springer, Third Wave Black Feminism?, 27 Signs 1059 (Summer 2002). 24

Jessica Valenti, Full frontal Feminism : A Young Woman's Guide to Why Feminism Matters (Seal Press 2007). 24

Rebecca Walker, To be Real: Telling the Truth and Changing the Face of Feminism (Anchor Books 1995). 24

Justyna Wlodarczyk, Ungrateful Daughters: Third Wave Feminist Writings (Cambridge Scholars Pub. 2010). 24

Naomi Zack, Inclusive Feminism: A Third Wave Theory of Women's Commonality (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2005). 24

Articles about Intergenerational Leadership 26

Paul Arsenault, Validating Generational Differences: A Legitimate Diversity and Leadership Issue, 25 The Leadership & Organization Development Journal 124 (2004). 26

Peter Brinckerhoff, “Generations: the Challenge of a Lifetime for your Nonprofit” (Fieldstone Alliance 2007). 26

Maria Cornelius, Patrick Corvington and Albert Ruesga, Ready to Lead? Next Generation Leaders Speak Out (2008). 26

Dorothy A. Johnson Center for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Leadership, Issues and Answers from the Next Generation (2007). 27

Kris Downing, Next Generation: What Leaders Need to Know about the Millennials, 26 Leadership in Action 3 (Sept. 2006). 27

Rodney Fong, Retaining Generation X’ers in a Baby Boomer Firm, 29 CAPITAL U. L. REV. 911 (2002). 27

Frances Kunreuther, Patrick A. Corvington, Annie E. Casey Foundation, Next Shift: Beyond the Nonprofit Leadership Crisis (2007). 27

Frances Kunreuther, Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action, The Changing of the Guard: What Generational Differences Tell Us About Social-Change Organizations 32 Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 450 (Sept. 2003). 29

Helen S. Kim, Frances Kunreuther, Annie E. Casey Foundation, What’s Next? Baby Boom-Age Leaders in Social Change Nonprofits (2007). 29

Robert I. Kabacoff and Ronald W. Stoffey, Age Differences in Organizational Leadership (2001). 29

Frances Kunreuther, Helen Kim, and Robby Rodriguez, Working Across Generations: Defining the Future of Nonprofit Leadership (John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008). 30

Caroline McAndrews, “Millennials in the Workplace,” Social Citizens Blog (June 8, 2006). 30

Jeanne Meister and Karie Willyerd, “Mentoring Millennials,” Harvard Business Review (May 2010). 31

Carol Mithers, Workplace Wars, Ladies Home Journal, May 2009. 31

Sonia Ospina and Erica Foldy, Toward a Framework of Social Change Leadership (Sept. 2005). 31

Carol Sanford, Now What? Young Leaders Are Changing the World by Working for Themselves, Stanford Social Innovation Review Blog, June 14, 2011. 31

L. Jeff Seaton and Michael Boyd, The Organizational Leadership of The Post Baby Boom Generation: An Upper Echelon Theory Approach, 13 Acad. of Entrepreneurship J. 69 (2007). 33

Rosetta Thurman, “Fighting the War for Talent: Retaining Generation Y in the Nonprofit Sector” (Nov. 19, 2007). 33

Rosetta Thurman, Does Generation Y Discriminate against Baby Boomers or is it the Other Way Around?, Stanford Social Innovation Review Blog, Nov. 19, 2009. 33

Rosetta Thurman, Preparing the Next Generation of Nonprofit Leaders, Stanford Social Innovation Review Blog, Dec. 19, 2007. 33

Rosetta Thurman, Coming to Terms with the Future of Nonprofit Leadership, Stanford Social Innovation Review Blog, Jan. 30, 2008. 34

Rosetta Thurman, Does Generation Y Really Want Change?, Stanford Social Innovation Review Blog, July 20, 2009. 34

Thomas Tierney, The Leadership Deficit, Stanford Social Innovation Review 26 (Summer 2006). 34

Jean E. Wallace, Work Commitment in the Legal Profession: A Study of Baby Boomers and Generation Xers, 13 International Journal of the Legal Profession 137 (2006). 34

Mary Ann Wisniewski, Leadership and the Millennials: Transforming Today’s Technological Teens into Tomorrow’s Leaders, 9 J. of Leadership Educ. 53 (2010). 35

Articles about New Models for Philanthropy 36

Achieve, Millennial Donor Report 2011 36

Laura Arrillaga-Andreesen, Giving 2.0: Transform Your Giving and Our World (Jossey-Bass 2012). 36

Suzie Boss, What's Next: Tweets for Change, Stanford Social Innovation Review (Summer 2009) 36

Paul Brest, The Power of Theories of Change, Stanford Social Innovation Review (Spring 2010). 36

Elayne Clift, Women, Philanthropy, and Social Change: Visions for a Just Society (University Press of New England 2005). 36

Crutchfield and Grant, Forces for Good: The Six Practices of High-Impact Nonprofits (Jossey-Bass 2008) 36

Eisner, Grimm, Maynard and Washburn, The New Volunteer Workforce, Stanford Social Innovation Review (Winter 2009). 37

Allison Fine, Momentum: Igniting Social Change in the Connected Age (Jossey-Bass 2006). 37

James Irvine Foundation, Convergence Report: How Five Trends will Reshape the Social Sector (2009). 37

Mark Kramer, Catalytic Philanthropy Stanford Social Innovation Review (Fall 2009). 37

Monitor Institute, What's Next for Philanthropy: Acting Bigger and Adapting Better in a Networked World (2010). 37

Monitor Institute, Investing for Social & Environmental Impact: A Design for Catalyzing an Emerging Industry (2009). 37

Monitor Institute, Intentional Innovation: How Getting More Systematic about Innovation Could Improve Philanthropy and Increase Social Impact (2008). 39

Monitor Institute, Cultivating Change in Philanthropy (2005). 39

Monitor Institute, Looking out for the Future: An Orientation for Twenty-first Century Philanthropists (2005). 39

Deborah Puntenney, Women’s Funding Network, Measuring Social Change Investments (2002). 39

Shaw, Sondra C. & Taylor, Martha, Reinventing Fundraising: Realizing the Potential of Women's Philanthropy (Jossey-Bass 1995). 39

Straus, Tamara, Five-Digit Giving Stanford Social Innovation Review (Summer 2010). 39

Catherine Walker, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Growing into Giving: Young People's Engagement with Charity (2002). 40

Articles about New Models for Social Change 41

John Kania and Mark Kramer, Collective Impact, Stanford Social Innovation Review (Winter 2011). 41

Beth Kanter and Allison Fine, The Networked Nonprofit: Connecting with Social Media to Drive Social Change (Jossey-Bass 2010). 41

Marty Kearns, Green Media Toolshed “Network-Centric Advocacy.” 41

Monitor Institute, Working Wikily: How Networks Are Changing Social Change. 41

Monitor Institute, Working Wikily 2.0: Social Change with a Network Mindset (2009). 41

Monitor Institute, Catalyzing Networks for Social Change: A Funder’s Guide (2 41

Monitor Institute, Knight Foundation, Connected Citizens: The Power, Peril, and Potential of Networks (2011). 41

Peter Plastrik and Madeleine Taylor, Net Gains: a Handbook for Network Builders Seeking Social Change 42

Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations (Penguin Press 2008). 42

Articles about Intergenerational Feminism (Synopses)

Deborah Abowitz, The Campus "F" Word: Feminist Self-Identification (and not) among Undergraduates, 34 International Journal of Sociology of the Family 43 (Spring 2008).

Available at:
http://www.serialspublications.com/images/upload/3-Deborah%20A%20Abowitz.pdf / Results from a surveydemonstratethe persistence of the feminist paradox among Gen Y undergraduates. "Feminist” has become the campus “f” word. Despite low levels ofself-identification among “third wave” (post- Baby Boom) feminists, we cansuccessfully predict those who do and do not consider themselves feminist byexamining key variables, including their concern for women’s rights,gender, traditional gender ideology, levels of maternal education andmaternal labor force participation.

Hokulni Aikau, Karla A. Erickson, and Jennifer L. Pierce, Feminist Waves, Feminist Generations: Life Stories from the Academy (Univ. Of Minnesota Press 2007).

/ Based on life stories from contemporary feminist scholars, this volume emphasizes how feminism develops unevenly over time and across institutions and, ultimately, offers a new paradigm for theorizing the intersections between generations and feminist waves of thought.

Rita Alfonso and Jo Trigilio, Surfing the Third Wave: A DialogueBetween Two Third Wave Feminists, 12 Hypatia 7 (Summer 1997).

Available at:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3810219 / E-mail discussion on third wave feminismand thesubjects of postmodernism, the relationship between theory and practice, the generation gap, and the power relations associated with feminist philosophy as an establishedpart of the academy.