International Affairs

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Dr. Safdar Mahmood

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JANG PUBLISHERS

13-Sir Agha Khan Road, Lahore. Phone 6367480-83, 6307804

Twenty Thrid Edition 2005-6

2005-6

Publisher: JANG PUBLISHERS, Lahore

Editor in charge: Muzaffar Muhammad AH

Assistant Production: Muhammad Azeem

Title by: Anees Yaqub

Printers- Jang Publishers Press, Lahore

Price: Rs. 400

PREFACE

The need of such a book as many acquaint the reader with the background of current affairs has always been felt. It is my belief that to understand current affairs, we must study them in perspective. So far little work has been done in the field of International Affairs in Pakistan.

This book has been written with the intention of providing a background knowledge of current affairs. I have tried to analyze the main historical forces operating in the contemporary world, so that the reader may understand what is going on in different countries and regions. The chapters on Asia, Africa, Middle East, South-East Asia and China not only cover the historical background of these regions but also discuss their current critical problems. A separate chapter captioned: ”Hot Spots” regarding current international problems like Kashmir, Vietnam, Cyprus, Rhodesia, South-West Africa and Germany which are threatening world peace, has also been included. A separate chapter on Pakistan’s foreign policy has also been included.

I am greatly indebted to my friends, Mufti Lutuf-Ullah, CSP and Mr. Touqir Hussain, P.F.S. for their valuable assistance without which the book might not have seen the light of day. I am also thankful to Prof. Rafi Anwar and Prof. Muhammad Munawwer for their encouragement. I also owe gratitude to my friends, Ch. Akhtar Hussain, PCS, Mr. Asad Ezdi, Mr. Javid Akhtar and Mr. Ilyas Mehdi for providing me necessary material.

Lahore

1967

SAFDAR MAHMOOD

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIKS

PREFACE TO THE TWELFTH EDITION

Since the publication of the previous edition, the International system has undergone whole sale structural changes to the extent that the concepts and terms in vogue only a few years back have lost currency in understanding the nature and dynamics of International Affairs. While the issues like Cold War, Nuclear Deterrence, Containment etc. have become relics of the past, new terms and notions such as New World Order, Structural Adjustments, Regionalism, Environment Debate, Narcotics, NonProliferation and Human Rights etc. have emerged as the new foci of attention for scholars as well as students of International Relations. These shifting trends hold paramount significance because the future pattern of international system will largely be a synthesis culminating out of this transitional phase in which old values and concepts are struggling to come to terms with the pace of change.

In the wake of these qualitative changes in the international system, the subject matter of the book, in the present addition, has been thoroughly revised. With a view to establish a correlation between the defunct frameworks of analysis and an evolving new paradigm to study the International Affairs, more emphasis has been on providing an analytical and issue-oriented perspective to the readers. I hope the readers will find this edition even more useful in getting a handy orientation to the core issues involved in international politics today.

I owe my gratitude to Mr. Sajjad Ahmad for extending me valuable assistance in revising and up-dating this book.

February 7, 1994, Lahore

DR. SAFDAR MAHMOOD

12-Golf Road, GOR-1, Lahore

PREFACE TO THE 2005 EDITION

The book has been thoroughly revised and updated. It is hoped that

readers would now find it more useful. My Thanks are due to Syed

Hasnat Shah for His Assistance.

DR. SAFDAR MAHMOOD

Lahore

April 4, 2005.

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

CONTENTS

PART- I

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 12

BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS

Rise of the left in Europe

PART-II

TOWARDS INTERNATIONLISM:

THE UNITED NATIONS

Introduction

(in)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)

(x)

(xi)

(xii)

(xiii)

(xiv)

(xv)

The Main Organs: The Security Council, The General Assembly, The Economic and Social Council, The Trusteeship Council, The International Court of Justice, Jurisdiction of the Court, Procedure of the Court, The Secretariat.

The Specialized Agencies: IMF, IBRD, H.O. UNESCO, WHO, FAO.

United Nations and International Security.

United Nations In the Post-Cold War Era.

Why the UN Fails?

Future of the United Nations.

Suggestions to Improve The United Nations.

UN and the Third Millennium.

UN and Challenges of a new disorderly world.

New Challenges to the UN Credibility,

Restructuring of UN is inevitable

UN and Human Rights

UN Conference on Racism

World Summit on Sustainable Development

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Chapter 3 THE COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS

Chapter 6

Evolution, Structure, Re- entry of Pakistan Economic Functions, Commonwealth in World Affairs, Withdrawal of Pakistan and Re-Entry,Commonwealth’s manipulation by India and Pakistan’s suspension.

Chapter 4 THE COLD WAR DEFENCE TREATIES

NATO, Is NATO Obsolete ? NATO Expansion and its New Strategies, From Clinton to Bush, Common goals, Dealing with Russia, Warsaw Pact, SEATO, CENTO.

Chapter 5 THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

Background, The European Common Market, European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM), Other Institutional Arrangements, The Maastricht Treaty, The Program, The EMU, The EPU, The European Commission, Towards European Integration, Advent of Euro Currency, Helmut Kohl’s exit in Germany, Debate on EU Constitution. Eu Enlargement , EU Future Strategy.

PART-III

RISE OF NATIONALISM: ASIA AND THE WEST

116

Introduction, China, Japan, Ascendancy of Japan, Pakistan and India, Indonesia, Struggle for Independence, Rise of Soekamo, The Coup and its Aftermath, risis and Turmoil In Indonesia. The Federation of Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines opposed the Federation, Mahatir’s Election Triumph. The Anwer Episode A shock to Mahatir’s Supermacy, Burma (Myanmar).

Chapter 7 EMERGENCE OF AFRICA

143

Rise of Africa, Nationalist Movement, Functional cooperation and its Limitations, Crisis at the Continental

Level, Crisis in Nigeria , Algeria’s never ending Ordeal. Crisis in Sudan, Independence of Eriteria, Elusive Peace in Angola, Africa: An Economically Downtrodden Region, Ethnic Crisis in Africa, Africa in the new millennium.

Chapter 8 MIDDLE EAST

171

Importance of the Asia, Recent History, The Creation of Israel, The Suez Crisis, The June 1967 War, The 1973 Arab Israel War, The Sinai Agreement, Weapon of Oil, Camp David Accord, Peace Treaty, Egypt after Saadat, The Intefadah, The Middle East Peace Process, The Oslo Accord, Wye River Peace Accord, Sharam-el-Sheikh Accord, Elections in Saudi Arab, Recent Development in the Middle East, 2005 Palestine Presidential Election, Resolving the Crisis, The Roadmap for Middle East Peace, The Geneva Proposal, Middle East Crisis and United States, Persian Gulf: End of American Holiday, A grim politico-economic Outlook , The Middle East quagmire (2002).

PART-IV

Chapter 9 THE AMERICAN CONTINENTS

235

North America, The Birth of a Nation, The American System of Government, Post War Politics, From Truman to Nixon: A Brief Review, Watergate Scandal and Impeachment Of Nixon, The Reagan Era, Presidency under George Bush.The Clinton Administration, Rejection of CTBT by US Senate, US foreign policy challenges, US, China and Japan’s Role in Asia, September 11, US no more invincible, US Unilateralism under George W. Bush, quitting the ABM, US Stance on the ICC Treaty, Bush Doctrine of Pre-emption, A Wise Decision, Bush’s Re- election, Latin America, Major Issues in American Politics, Cuba, US-Cuba Relations, Crisis in 1962, Nicaragua, Latin Americas Economic Woes.

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Chapter 11

PART-V

Chapter 10 IRAN

279

Iranian Revolution, Formation of Islamic Government, The Hostage Crisis, Tussle for Power, The New Form of Government, The Method of Government: Islamic Interpretation, Leadership of Justice Seeking Theologians, Economy as a Means not as Objective, The Army of Ideology, The Judiciary in the Constitution, The Executive, The Constitution, The Economy, Elections, Iran after Khomeini’s Death, Iran and its growing global Importance, Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan, Iran’s Nuclear Programme and the US concerns.

DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR AND RE-EMERGENCE OF RUSSIA

302

Historical Background: From Russian to Soviet Union, Post-War Foreign Policy, Soviet Foreign Policy in 1970s and 1980s, Internal Developments (Rise of Gorbachev), Gorbachev’s Reforms, Politics, Soviet Elections, Disintegration of Soviet Union and its Implications, Causes, Implications for South Asia, Crimes and Turmoil in Russia, Russia’s Chechan Ulcer, Yelstin’s exit and Putin’s entry, Orange Revolution, Russia & the evolving NATO situation, US Russia Relations, End of Cold War, Economic aid, New US-Russia detente.

Chapter 12 CHINA

339

Emergence of Communist China, Admission of China to The United Nations, Why US opposed? Attitude of the United States, The Sino-Soviet Rivalry, Sino-Soviet Thaw, TheCultural Revolution, Admission into UNO, Post Mao Setup, Rise of Deng and his Policies, ProDemocracy Demonstration and After Post-Deng Era, President Bill Clinton’s visit and China’s Economic Interests, China: Super power of the next Century? China as Emerging Economic Giant, China’s membership of WTO, China’s Nuclear agenda and US, China’s war

heads and US worries, China and South Asia.Anti Secession law.

Chapter 13 CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL ISSUES 384

The Kashmir Dispute, History of Kashmir. Factors leading to the Resurgence of Struggle, The Legacy of Kashmir Intefadah, Respective Policies of India and Pakistan. Re-Introduction of the International Facotrs, Kashmir-Possible Solution, Kashmir loosing the knot. The Agra Summit, Kashmir Issue after 09/11 Ceasefire and Resumption of Dialogue, Cyprus, Cyprus and ’ • Turkey’s Bid for EU. Situation in Lebanon, Cedar

Revolution, Afghanistan, Geneva Talks for Soviet Withdrawal. The Geneva Accord, Symmetry, Geneva Accord: Main Points, The Peshawar Accord, The Islamabad Accord, Rise of Taliban and / Subsequent Developments, Plan hijacking and Taliban, Taliban’s destruction of Buddha statues, Winds of change in Afghanistan, 09/11: Consequences for Afghanistan, The Bonn Accord, Prospects for peace in Afghanistan, Transitional Government in Afghanistan, Reconstruction of Afghanistan, The new Constitution for Afghanistan, Afghan Election, Bangladesh, Reunification of Germany, Partition Towards Unification, Implications, The Gulf War 1991, Prelude to Invasion, Reason of the US and International Community, Operation ”Desert Storm”, Post-war Security Arrangements, The Second Gulf War

2003, Iraq Election ,New World Order, New World Order and Third World, Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), Background, The Emergence of ECO, The future of ECO, Role of Pakistan, Evolving Sino-US Relations, Transitions in South Africa, The Reforms and Transition, South Africa after the Elections, The new constitution of ’ South Africa, Bosinia Herzegovina, Independence and War, ’ Efforts Towards Peace, The Dayton Peace Agreement, Sino-India Rapprochernent and its Implications for South Asia. How did this improvement did came about? The Territorial Dispute, in the East, In the West, Towards the Rapprochement, Implications for

• South Asia, Sino-India Detente:The Present Situation,

• Russian Attack on Chechnya, New Developments In Chechnya, Libya and the Lockerbie Affairs, South Asia on the eve of the 21s1 Century, CTBT: Western Move to Blunt Third World Initiative,New Phase of Smo-Russian

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

entente, Independence of East Timor, Indonesia and the Aceh problem, Indian Nuclear Doctrine, WTO Summit at Seattle, WTO Summit at Cancun, Post Sept 11, global dynamics, Explaining Muslim hate towards the US. Role of OIC in Coping with the Challenges facing the Muslim World. North Korea Nuclear Crisis.

Chapter 14 THE END OF COLD WAR

545

Cold War Politics, A Review, The End of Cold War Implication of the End of Cold War.

Chapter 15 DISARMAMENT AND

NUCLEARPROLIFERATION

555

Talks on Conventional Weapons, Nuclear NonProliferation, NPT, Nuclear Technology, NPT and Pakistan, CTBT and South Asia, SALT, SALT II, The Reykjavik Summit, Towards START Treaties, START, The future of Nuclear Non-Proliferation in South Asia, CTBT sign or not to sign, Nuclear weapons, - the Fear Factor.

India relations deteriorated, Pakistan’s Foreign PolicyNew Challenges, Whether Pakistan should recognize Israel or not.

Chapter 17 NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION IN SOUTH ASIA 679

India Nuclear Explosion and its Implications, Inception of, Pakistan’s Nuclear Programme. The US Response and Subsequent Policies, Respective Positions of India and Pakistan, India and Pakistan Nuclear Tests 1998, International Reaction to Tests, Regional Effects, South Asia’s future, CTBT: Western Move to Blunt Third World Initiative, Strobe Talbott’s Nuclear Diplomacy, Pakistan’s Nuclear Posture, CTBT - The Options. Nuclear Controversy in Pakistan.

Chapter 18 SAARC

705

Formation and Objectives, Achievements, Hurdles in the Way of SAARC. The Uncertain Future of SAARC. Islamabad Summit of SAARC 2004. Recent developments.

Chapter 16 FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN

579

Foreign Policy in 1950 and 1960, September 1965 War, Foreign Policy in 1970s. The Muslim Summit, Relations with Muslim Countries, Foreign Policy in 1980, Developments in South Asia, Muslim World, Pak-US Relations, Convergence of Interests, Pak-Soviet Uneasy Relations, Pak-Afghan Relations and Geneva Accord, Pak China Relations, Launching of the SAARC, Relations with the Muslim World, Foreign Policy in 1990s, Pakistan and Persian Gulf, Jamah’s visit to Gulf Countries. The Growing Importance of South-East Asia and ASEAN. Towards Indo-Pak Reconciliation. MFN Status to India, Pak-US Relations and Nawaz’ Sharif s visit to Washington-December 1998, Pak-US new Strains. PakUS Relations after 9/11, President Musharafs visit to Camp David, Pakistan’s Stance on Iraqi crisis, US interests in South Asia, finding a way out in Kashmir, Pak-India relations on the eve of the 21st Century, Pak-

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PARTI

CHAPTER 1

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BETWEEN TWO WORLD WARS

To maintain the status quo, as dictated by the terms of Versailles Treaty, the League of Nations was set up. Its object, above all, was the disarmament of Germany. Although formulated in a war-weary mood with idealistic trends, the League of Nations in fact turned out to be an instrument of policy in the hands of the victors, till Hitler finally put an end to it by his attack on Poland in 1939. But it was not before the League had already received blow after blow since its inception, and was, for all practical purposes, dead long ago.

The victors were not only dishonest but also lacked all statesmanlike qualities. The Big Powers did not care for the new republic set up by the Germans. It was not allowed to settle down. Set up by the democratic elements in Germany, who reacted to the earlier warmongering despotic regimes of their country, the new regime was shown nothing but hostility. The arduous task of reparations, the imposition of war-guilt, and complete military and territorial humiliation, weakened the foundations of democratic government in Germany, and reactionary nationalism was raising its head to hit back. The regime, which was associated with the humiliation of the Germans at Versailles, was attacked both from the right and the left. The Germans having strong traditions of autocracy, were anxiously looking forward to some leader who could harness and channelize their smouldering nationalism. The injured pride, the hypocrisy of the victors in disarming themselves and the renewed attempts by France and her allies to tear away German territories, reached a point of no return. The occupation of the Ruhr Valley in 1923 by France and the appalling economic difficulties of Germany precipitated the matters, and the votes began to flow towards the