Ch 19 Sec 1-3
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 1. Copernicus was the first scientist to create a complete model of the solar system combining physics, astronomy, and mathematics.
____ 2. In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best form of government included a separation of powers.
____ 3. Thomas Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense argued that the American colonies deserved to be an independent nation.
____ 4. The colonists resisted the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts by boycotting English goods.
____ 5. In a federal system of government, all important government powers are held by the national government.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 6. The new way of thinking that emerged in the mid-1500s is called the
a. / geocentric theory. / c. / Enlightenment.b. / Scientific Revolution. / d. / American Revolution.
____ 7. Until the Scientific Revolution, the traditional authorities were
a. / Plato and Aristotle. / c. / navigators and explorers.b. / the Church and ancient scholars. / d. / Aquinas and his followers.
____ 8. Which of the following posed theories that brought him into direct conflict with the Church?
a. / Francis Bacon / c. / Aristotleb. / Galileo / d. / Ptolemy
____ 9. Who argued that people had a right to overthrow a government that does not protect their natural rights?
a. / Locke / c. / Newtonb. / Voltaire / d. / Hobbes
____ 10. How did Hobbes and Rousseau differ?
a. / Rousseau believed in the idea of a social contract; Hobbes did not.b. / Rousseau believed an absolute monarchy was essential; Hobbes did not.
c. / Rousseau believed people were naturally good; Hobbes did not.
d. / Hobbes believed people needed protection from government; Rousseau did not.
____ 11. American colonists objected to the Stamp Act because
a. / they resented forced conscription in the British military to fight the Seven Years’ War.b. / the Act restricted the colonists’ trade.
c. / contrary to British belief, Americans thought stamps were necessary.
d. / they objected to taxes levied by the British Parliament without representation.
____ 12. During the Boston Tea Party, the Sons of Liberty dumped tea into Boston Harbor to
a. / protest the tax on tea.b. / raise money to fight the War for Independence.
c. / get back at Boston merchants.
d. / protest the Intolerable Acts.
____ 13. Study the chart titled “The Scientific Method.” Which of the following phrases belongs in Step 2 in the chart?
a. / Form a hypothesis that can be tested. / c. / Prove or disprove the hypothesis.b. / Ask a question. / d. / Observe the natural world.
____ 14. What led scientists to study the natural world more closely in the mid-1500s?
a. / a series of natural disasters / c. / the death of Aristotleb. / Thomas Paine’s pamphlet / d. / exploration
____ 15. Which of the following scientists invented the first periodic table?
a. / Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier / c. / Antony van Leeuwenhoekb. / Robert Boyle / d. / Galen
____ 16. Tycho Brahe believed that
a. / the sun, planets, and moon all revolved around the earth.b. / all planets revolved around the sun.
c. / the sun revolved around the earth but the other known planets revolved around the sun.
d. / there was only one planet in the solar system.
____ 17. Which of the following proposed the geocentric theory?
a. / Aristotle / c. / Galileob. / Copernicus / d. / Johannes Kepler
____ 18. Which of the following published a book supporting the heliocentric theory?
a. / Copernicus / c. / Descartesb. / Ptolemy / d. / Galen
____ 19. What new approach allowed scholars to gain new scientific knowledge?
a. / financing by the Church / c. / universal public educationb. / the scientific method / d. / the Inquisition
“The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it. . . no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. . . Every one. . . may not. . . take away, or impair. . . the life, the liberty, health, limb, or goods of another.”
Two Treatises on Government, 1690
____ 20. Who wrote the passage from Two Treatises on Government?
a. / Thomas Hobbes / c. / Adam Smithb. / John Locke / d. / Isaac Newton
____ 21. Why did the French and Indian War lead to increased taxes on Britain’s American colonies?
a. / The colonists now had access to the French gold and silver mines in the Americas.b. / Because removing the French benefited the colonists, Britain decided to make the colonies pay part of the cost.
c. / The British feared that the colonists were planning a revolution and wanted to weaken them economically.
d. / The French won the war and wanted to punish the colonists.
____ 22. What slogan best expresses the outrage of colonial leaders in response to the Stamp Act?
a. / Freedom of conscience for all!b. / No taxation without representation!
c. / Governance by the mob must stop!
d. / Civil government should defend the rich against the poor!
____ 23. Who wrote the first draft of the Declaration of Independence?
a. / John Adams / c. / John Lockeb. / Thomas Paine / d. / Thomas Jefferson
____ 24. Why did delegates meet at a Constitutional Convention in 1787?
a. / to draft a Bill of Rightsb. / to revise the Articles of Confederation
c. / to declare war on Britain
d. / to choose members of the Supreme Court
____ 25. The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution because
a. / some people argued the Constitution did not protect the rights of citizens.b. / framers believed the nation needed a stronger system of government.
c. / leaders needed some guidance on how to create an effective court system.
d. / Americans believed in equality and justice for all.
Completion
Complete each statement.
26. English physician ______explained the workings of the human heart.
27. General ______led the American troops in the War for Independence.
28. ______argued that people had a right to overthrow a government that does not protect their natural rights.
29. During the ______, the Sons of Liberty dumped hundreds of crates of tea into Boston Harbor to protest a tax on tea.
30. In September 1783, the British government formally recognized the independence of the United States in the ______.
Matching
Select the letter of the term, person, or place that matches each description. Some answers will not be used.
a. / philosophes / j. / William Harveyb. / George Washington / k. / Age of Reason
c. / The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy / l. / Declaration of Independence
d. / Intolerable Acts / m. / geocentric theory
e. / social contract / n. / Leviathan
f. / salons / o. / Starry Messenger
g. / Stamp Act / p. / U.S. Constitution
h. / heliocentric theory / q. / calculus
i. / supernova / r. / Baron de Montesquieu
____ 31. Passed as a way for colonists to pay some of the costs of the French and Indian War
____ 32. Held that the earth was the center of the universe and the sun, moon, and planets revolved around it
____ 33. Argued that the best form of government included a separation of powers
____ 34. Held that the earth revolves around the sun
____ 35. Led American troops in the War for Independence
____ 36. A distant exploding star that suddenly becomes visible on earth
____ 37. Book describing Galileo’s observations
____ 38. French Enlightenment thinkers
____ 39. The exchange between a society and its government
____ 40. Brought together intellectuals in social gatherings to discuss ideas